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A quickening of the buy kamagra gel pulseIt’s late October where to buy kamagra as I’m completing this Atoms. The autumn golds are fading (or falling), dusk arrives early and the Easterlies are building over the Baltic. This change of season is all rather exhilarating and, at the risk clumsy metaphor, finalising this month's running order (full of fresh and challenging papers) where to buy kamagra evoked the same feeling.

Space permits only a few mentions here—I could have chosen many more.Paediatric emergency medicineWe are excited about the launch of a new section, paediatric emergency medicine, convened and coordinated by our editorial colleague Cynthia Mollen from the Children’s Hospital Philadelphia. It will feature original research, hypothesis generating ideas and review articles. We kickstart the series with two novel point of care triage studies.Ketones and dehydrationAs we all keenly aware, assessment of dehydration in the absence of an immediate pre-illness weight is near impossible with next where to buy kamagra to no correlation between standard biochemical measures and degree of intracellular fluid deficit.

Dumin and colleagues in Dublin assess another attractive potential marker, serum point-of-care ketones at triage and moderate-to-severe dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis on clinical assessment using the Gorelick Scale. See page 1157LAMPRapid molecular diagnostic testing, now establishing a foothold and is likely to be a major component of assessment and triage in the future. Ferris and where to buy kamagra colleagues report on the use of point-of-care loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in the diagnosis of meningococcal disease (MD).

Data from three UK emergency departments (ED) between 2017 and 2019 in which consecutive children attending the ED with features of MD were eligible for inclusion. The meningococcal LAMP test (index test and available within an hour of sampling) was performed on an oropharyngeal swab validity being tested against the reference standard test of confirmation of invasive MD defined as positive where to buy kamagra N. Meningitidis culture or PCR result from a sterile site.

See page 1151Global healthSnakebiteIn 2017 snakebite envenoming was reinstated on the WHO list of neglected tropical diseases. With 5 million bites per annum, around 2 million envenomations, 100 000 where to buy kamagra deaths and many times more left with permanent physical and psychological sequelae, the annual morbidity and mortality is among the highest of the group. Like other NTDs, snakebite is primarily a disease of poverty, climate change (related to deforestation and mining) rendering vulnerable populations even more vulnerable.

The vast majority of snakebites occur in Africa (30% in children) Asia where to buy kamagra and Latin America with India having the highest reported death toll. This is the first of a two part series in which Sophie Pach, Jay Halbert and colleagues describe global snakebite epidemiology, moving on to management in the next instalment. See page 1135Low birth weight and cardiac surgeryGiven the 1.3 million incident cases annually and resource limitations, congenital heart disease is now one of the five most common causes of early child death globally, joining the perennials pneumonia and acute gastroenteritis.

Cardiac surgery centres have proliferated in where to buy kamagra low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). There are compelling biological reasons for an association between lower birth weight and poorer outcomes in children with congenital heart disease from greater susceptibility to cardiomyocyte proliferation and left ventricular remodelling and the additional difficulty in operating. Krishna Kumar study and Namachivayam’s editorial describe mortality data from a large South Indian centre in two epochs, 2011–2014 and 2015–2018 by birth weight adjusting for severity of defect, findings of importance in surgical provision planning.

See pages 1140 and 1133Drugs and therapeutics sectionOral amoxicillin in neonates with suspected sepsisSepsis accounts for 23% of all-cause global neonatal mortality across the globe outcomes being adversely affected by delayed care seeking and where to buy kamagra poor adherence to parenteral antibiotic regimens in low- and middle-income country settings. In many such settings, inpatient admission is not even an option so the need for effective oral treatment (as an adjunct to intramuscular aminoglycosides which themselves can be given on an outpatient basis) is pressing. Amoxicillin is an attractive option, though pharmacokinetic (PK) data in this age group is sparse, despite WHO recommendations for use where inpatient treatment is not feasible.

Mir and where to buy kamagra colleagues enrolled infants with signs of sepsis enrolled in an oral amoxicillin/intramuscular gentamicin treatment arm of a sepsis trial, (Simplified Antibiotic Therapy Trial (SATT)) in Karachi, Pakistan. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed at 0, 2–3 and 6–8 hours following an index dose of oral amoxicillin. Plasma concentrations where to buy kamagra were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and values of ≥2 mg/L were considered as the effect threshold, given the regional minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Of 44 infants, 6 had positive blood cultures with predominant Gram-positive organisms. Mean amoxicillin levels at 2–3 hours and 6–8 hours were, respectively, 5 and 8 times the MIC following the index dose. Based on these findings, oral amoxicillin has potential as a safe replacement of parenteral ampicillin in newborn sepsis regimens including where to buy kamagra aminoglycosides, where hospitalisation is not feasible.

The practical importance of this finding cannot be overstated. See page 1208The number of births globally each year with a diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is estimated at around 1.3 million1. The majority of these (almost 90%) occur in low to middle-income countries where to buy kamagra (LMICs).

Many of the complex operations for CHD are performed in the newborn period. While neonatal cardiac surgery comprises around 25% of the total CHD surgical volume, it accounts for more than 50% of postoperative mortality.Evidence from preclinical studies suggests that premature birth and the associated cessation of cardiomyocyte proliferation result in substantial where to buy kamagra alterations to the normal maturational processes in the newborn myocardium. An abnormal cardiac maturation trajectory ensues, which is characterised by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and a severalfold increase in extracellular matrix deposition in the myocardial interstium, often resulting in myocardial fibrosis.2 These changes can adversely influence contractility and conductivity of the myocardial muscle, leading to cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmia in the early postnatal period and beyond.2 When the added constraints of being born with a CHD are superimposed on these alterations, the adverse effects are likely to be magnified severalfold.

An immature neonatal myocardium is more susceptible to the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery and recovers less well than an older infant’s myocardium. A recent meta-analysis3 has shown that neonates born prematurely have persistently smaller where to buy kamagra ventricular dimensions, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction that worsens with age, impaired right ventricular systolic function and an accelerated rate of left ventricular hypertrophy from the neonatal period through to childhood and adulthood. This suggests that even if an infant were to survive and be discharged from hospital after surgery, the risks were present lifelong.

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How to cite kamagra gel uk this article:Singh OP. Mental health in diverse India. Need for kamagra gel uk advocacy. Indian J Psychiatry 2021;63:315-6”Unity in diversity” - That is the theme of India which we are quite proud of. We have diversity in terms of geography – From the Himalayas to the deserts to the seas kamagra gel uk.

Every region has its own distinct culture and food. There are so many varieties of dress and language. There is kamagra gel uk huge difference between the states in terms of development, attitude toward women, health infrastructure, child mortality, and other sociodemographic development indexes. There is now ample evidence that sociocultural factors influence mental health. Compton and Shim[1] have described kamagra gel uk in their model of gene environment interaction how public policies and social norms act on the distribution of opportunity leading to social inequality, exclusion, poor environment, discrimination, and unemployment.

This in turn leads to reduced options, poor choices, and high-risk behavior. Combining genetic vulnerability and early brain insult with low access to health care leads to poor mental health, disease, and morbidity.When we come to the field of kamagra gel uk mental health, we find huge differences between different states of India. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was markedly different while it was 5.8 and 5.1 for Assam and Uttar Pradesh at the lower end of the spectrum, it was 13.9 and 14.1 for Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra at the higher end of the spectrum. There was also a huge difference between the rural areas and metros, particularly in terms of psychosis and bipolar disorders.[2] The difference was distinct not only in the prevalence but also in the type of psychiatric disorders. While the more developed southern states had higher prevalence of adult-onset disorders such as depression and anxiety, kamagra gel uk the less developed northern states had more of childhood onset disorders.

This may be due to lead toxicity, nutritional status, and perinatal issues. Higher rates of depression and anxiety were found kamagra gel uk in females. Apart from the genetic and hormonal factors, increase was attributed to gender discrimination, violence, sexual abuse, and adverse sociocultural norms. Marriage was found to be a negative prognostic indicator contrary to the western norms.[3]Cultural influences on the presentation of psychiatric kamagra gel uk disorders are apparent. Being in recessive position in the family is one of the strongest predictors of psychiatric illnesses and psychosomatic disorders.

The presentation of depressive and anxiety disorders with more somatic symptoms results from inability to express due to unequal power equation in the family rather than the lack of expressions. Apart from culture bound kamagra gel uk syndromes, the role of cultural idioms of distress in manifestations of psychiatric symptoms is well acknowledged.When we look into suicide data, suicide in lower socioeconomic strata (annual income <1 lakh) was 92,083, in annual income group of 1–5 lakhs, it was 41,197, and in higher income group, it was 4726. Among those who committed suicide, 67% were young adults, 34% had family problems, 23.4% of suicides occurred in daily laborers, 10.1% in unemployed persons, and 7.4% in farmers.[4]While there are huge regional differences in mental health issues, the challenges in mental health in India remain stigma reduction, conducting research on efficacy of early intervention, reaching the unreached, gender sensitive services, making quality mental healthcare accessible and available, suicide prevention, reduction of substance abuse, implementing insurance for mental health and reducing out-of-pocket expense, and finally, improving care for homeless mentally ill. All these require sustained advocacy aimed at promoting rights of mentally kamagra gel uk ill persons and reducing stigma and discriminations. It consists of various actions aimed at changing the attitudinal barriers in achieving positive mental health outcomes in the general population.

Psychiatrists as Mental Health Advocates There is a debate whether psychiatrists who are overburdened with clinical care could or should be involved in the advocacy activities which require skills in other areas, and sometimes, they find themselves at the receiving end of mental health advocates. We must be involved and pathways should be to build technical evidence for mapping out the problem, cost-effective interventions, kamagra gel uk and their efficacy.Advocacy can be done at institutional level, organizational level, and individual level. There has been huge work done in this regard at institution level. Important research work done in this regard includes the National Mental Health Survey, National Survey on Extent and Pattern of Substance Use in India, Global Burden of Diseases in Indian States, and Trajectory of Brain kamagra gel uk Development. Other activities include improving the infrastructure of mental hospitals, telepsychiatry services, provision of free drugs, providing training to increase the number of service providers.

Similarly, at organizational level, the Indian Psychiatric kamagra gel uk Society (IPS) has filed a case for lacunae in Mental Health-care Act, 2017. Another case filed by the IPS lead to change of name of the film from “Mental Hai Kya” to “Judgemental Hai Kya.” In LGBT issue, the IPS statement was quoted in the final judgement on the decriminalization of homosexuality. The IPS has also started helplines at different levels and media interactions. The Indian kamagra gel uk Journal of Psychiatry has also come out with editorials highlighting the need of care of marginalized population such as migrant laborers and persons with dementia. At an individual level, we can be involved in ensuring quality treatment, respecting dignity and rights of the patient, sensitization of staff, working with patients and caregivers to plan services, and being involved locally in media and public awareness activities.The recent experience of Brazil is an eye opener where suicide reduction resulted from direct cash transfer pointing at the role of economic decision in suicide.[5] In India where economic inequality is increasing, male-to-female ratio is abysmal in some states (877 in Haryana to 1034 in Kerala), our actions should be sensitive to this regional variation.

When the kamagra gel uk enemy is economic inequality, our weapon is research highlighting the role of these factors on mental health. References 1.Compton MT, Shim RS. The social kamagra gel uk determinants of mental health. Focus 2015;13:419-25. 2.Gururaj G, Varghese M, Benegal V, Rao GN, Pathak K, Singh LK, et al.

National Mental kamagra gel uk Health Survey of India, 2015-16. Prevalence, Patterns and Outcomes. Bengaluru. National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, NIMHANS Publication No. 129.

2016. 3.Sagar R, Dandona R, Gururaj G, Dhaliwal RS, Singh A, Ferrari A, et al. The burden of mental disorders across the states of India. The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7:148-61.

4.National Crime Records Bureau, 2019. Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India. 2019. Available from. Https://ncrb.gov.in.

[Last accessed on 2021 Jun 24]. 5.Machado DB, Rasella D, dos Santos DN. Impact of income inequality and other social determinants on suicide rate in Brazil. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124934. Correspondence Address:Om Prakash SinghDepartment of Psychiatry, WBMES, Kolkata, West Bengal.

AMRI Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal IndiaSource of Support. None, Conflict of Interest. NoneDOI. 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_635_21Abstract Sexual health, an essential component of individual's health, is influenced by many complex issues including sexual behavior, attitudes, societal, and cultural factors on the one hand and while on the other hand, biological aspects, genetic predisposition, and associated mental and physical illnesses. Sexual health is a neglected area, even though it influences mortality, morbidity, and disability.

Dhat syndrome (DS), the term coined by Dr. N. N. Wig, has been at the forefront of advancements in understanding and misunderstanding. The concept of DS is still evolving being treated as a culture-bound syndrome in the past to a syndrome of depression and treated as “a culturally determined idiom of distress.” It is bound with myths, fallacies, prejudices, secrecy, exaggeration, and value-laden judgments.

Although it has been reported from many countries, much of the literature has emanated from Asia, that too mainly from India. The research in India has ranged from the study of a few cases in the past to recent national multicentric studies concerning phenomenology and beliefs of patients. The epidemiological studies have ranged from being hospital-based to population-based studies in rural and urban settings. There are studies on the management of individual cases by resolving sexual myths, relaxation exercises, supportive psychotherapy, anxiolytics, and antidepressants to broader and deeper research concerning cognitive behavior therapy. The presentation looks into DS as a model case highlighting the importance of exploring sexual health concerns in the Indian population in general and in particular need to reconsider DS in the light of the newly available literature.

It makes a fervent appeal for the inclusion of DS in the mainstream diagnostic categories in the upcoming revisions of the diagnostic manuals which can pave the way for a better understanding and management of DS and sexual problems.Keywords. Culture-bound syndrome, Dhat syndrome, Dhat syndrome management, Dhat syndrome prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, sexual disordersHow to cite this article:Sathyanarayana Rao T S. History and mystery of Dhat syndrome. A critical look at the current understanding and future directions. Indian J Psychiatry 2021;63:317-25 Introduction Mr.

President, Chairpersons, my respected teachers and seniors, my professional colleagues and friends, ladies and gentlemen:I deem it a proud privilege and pleasure to receive and to deliver DLN Murti Rao Oration Award for 2020. I am humbled at this great honor and remain grateful to the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) in general and the awards committee in particular. I would like to begin my presentation with my homage to Professor DLN Murti Rao, who was a Doyen of Psychiatry.[1] I have a special connection to the name as Dr. Doddaballapura Laxmi Narasimha Murti Rao, apart from a family name, obtained his medical degree from Mysore Medical College, Mysuru, India, the same city where I have served last 33 years in JSS Medical College and JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research. His name carries the reverence in the corridors of the current National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) at Bangalore which was All India Institute of Mental Health, when he served as Head and the Medical Superintendent.

Another coincidence was his untimely demise in 1962, the same year another Doyen Dr. Wig[2],[3] published the article on a common but peculiar syndrome in the Indian context and gave the name Dhat syndrome (DS). Even though Dr. Wig is no more, his legacy of profound contribution to psychiatry and psychiatric education in general and service to the society and Mental Health, in particular, is well documented. His keen observation and study culminated in synthesizing many aspects and developments in DS.I would also like to place on record my humble pranams to my teachers from Christian Medical College, Vellore – Dr.

Abraham Varghese, the first Editor of the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine and Dr. K. Kuruvilla, Past Editor of Indian Journal of Psychiatry whose legacies I carried forward for both the journals. I must place on record that my journey in the field of Sexual Medicine was sown by Dr. K.

Kuruvilla and subsequent influence of Dr. Ajit Avasthi from Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research from Chandigarh as my role model in the field. There are many more who have shaped and nurtured my interest in the field of sex and sexuality.The term “Dhat” was taken from the Sanskrit language, which is an important word “Dhatu” and has known several meanings such as “metal,” a “medicinal constituent,” which can be considered as most powerful material within the human body.[4] The Dhat disorder is mainly known for “loss of semen”, and the DS is a well-known “culture-bound syndrome (CBS).”[4] The DS leads to several psychosexual disorders such as physical weakness, tiredness, anxiety, appetite loss, and guilt related to the loss of semen through nocturnal emission, in urine and by masturbation as mentioned in many studies.[4],[5],[6] Conventionally, Charaka Samhita mentions “waste of bodily humors” being linked to the “loss of Dhatus.”[5] Semen has even been mentioned by Aristotle as a “soul substance” and weakness associated with its loss.[6] This has led to a plethora of beliefs about “food-blood-semen” relationship where the loss of semen is considered to reduce vitality, potency, and psychophysiological strength. People have variously attributed DS to excessive masturbation, premarital sex, promiscuity, and nocturnal emissions. Several past studies have emphasized that CBS leads to “anxiety for loss of semen” is not only prevalent in the Indian subcontinent but also a global phenomenon.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20]It is important to note that DS manifestation and the psychosexual features are based on the impact of culture, demographic profiles, and the socioeconomic status of the patients.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20] According to Leff,[21] culture depends upon norms, values, and myths, based on a specific area, and is also shared by the indigenous individuals of that area.

Tiwari et al.[22] mentioned in their study that “culture is closely associated with mental disorders through social and psychological activities.” With this background, the paper attempts to highlight the multidimensional construct of DS for a better clinical understanding in routine practice. Dhat Syndrome. A Separate Entity or a “Cultural Variant” of Depression Even though DS has been studied for years now, a consensus on the definition is yet to be achieved. It has mostly been conceptualized as a multidimensional psychosomatic entity consisting of anxiety, depressive, somatic, and sexual phenomenology. Most importantly, abnormal and erroneous attributions are considered to be responsible for the genesis of DS.

The most important debate is, however, related to the nosological status of DS. Although considered to a CBS unique to India, it has also been increasingly reported in China, Europe, Japan, Malaysia, Russia, and America.[11] The consistency and validity of its diagnosis have been consistently debated, and one of the most vital questions that emerged was. Can there be another way to conceptualize DS?. There is no single answer to that question. Apart from an independent entity, the diagnostic validity of which has been limited in longitudinal studies,[23] it has also been a cultural variant of depressive and somatization disorders.

Mumford[11] in his study of Asian patients with DS found a significant association with depressed mood, anxiety, and fatigue. Around the same time, another study by Chadha[24] reported comorbidities in DS at a rate of 50%, 32%, and 18% related to depression, somatoform disorders, and anxiety, respectively. Depression continued to be reported as the most common association of DS in many studies.[25],[26] This “cause-effect” dilemma can never be fully resolved. Whether “loss of semen” and the cultural attributions to it leads to the affective symptoms or whether low mood and neuroticism can lead to DS in appropriate cultural context are two sides of the argument. However, the cognitive biases resulting in the attributional errors of DS and the subsequently maintained attitudes with relation to sexuality can be explained by the depressive cognitions and concepts of learned helplessness.

Balhara[27] has argued that since DS is not really culture specific as thought of earlier, it should not be solely categorized as a functional somatic syndrome, as that can have detrimental effects on its understanding and management. He also mentions that the underlying “emotional distress and cultural contexts” are not unique to DS but can be related to any psychiatric syndrome for that matter. On the contrary, other researchers have warned that subsuming DS and other CBS under the broader rubric of “mood disorders” can lead to neglect and reductionism in disorder like DS that can have unique cultural connotations.[28] Over the years, there have been multiple propositions to relook and relabel CBS like DS. Considering it as a variant of depression or somatization can make it a “cultural phenotype” of these disorders in certain regions, thus making it easier for the classificatory systems. This dichotomous debate seems never-ending, but clinically, it is always better to err on over-diagnosing and over-treating depression and anxiety in DS, which can improve the well-being of the distressed patients.

Why Discuss Dhat Syndrome. Implications in Clinical Practice DS might occur independently or associated with multiple comorbidities. It has been a widely recognized clinical condition in various parts of the world, though considered specific to the Indian subcontinent. The presentation can often be polymorphic with symptom clusters of affective, somatic, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations.[29] Being common in rural areas, the first contacts of the patients are frequently traditional faith healers and less often, the general practitioners. A psychiatric referral occurs much later, if at all.

This leads to underdetection and faulty treatments, which can strengthen the already existing misattributions and misinformation responsible for maintaining the disorder. Furthermore, depression and sexual dysfunction can be the important comorbidities that if untreated, lead to significant psychosocial dysfunction and impaired quality of life.[30] Besides many patients of DS believe that their symptoms are due to failure of interpersonal relationships, s, and heredity, which might cause early death and infertility. This contributes to the vicious cycle of fear and panic.[31] Doctor shopping is another challenge and failure to detect and address the concern of DS might lead to dropping out from the care.[15] Rao[17] in their epidemiological study reported 12.5% prevalence in the general population, with 20.5% and 50% suffering from comorbid depression and sexual disorders. The authors stressed upon the importance of early detection of DS for the psychosexual and social well-being. Most importantly, the multidimensional presentation of DS can at certain times be a facade overshadowing underlying neurotic disorders (anxiety, depression, somatoform, hypochondriasis, and phobias), obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and body dysmorphic disorders, delusional disorders, sexual disorders (premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction) and infectious disorders (urinary tract s, sexually transmitted diseases), and even stress-related manifestations in otherwise healthy individuals.[4],[14],[15] This significant overlap of symptomatology, increased prevalence, and marked comorbidity make it all the more important for physicians to make sense out of the construct of DS.

That can facilitate prompt detection and management of DS in routine clinical practice.In an earlier review study, it was observed that few studies are undertaken to update the research works from published articles as an updated review, systemic review, world literature review, etc., on DS and its management approach.[29],[32],[33],[34],[35] The present paper attempts to compile the evidence till date on DS related to its nosology, critique, manifestations, and management plan. The various empirical studies on DS all over the world will be briefly discussed along with the implications and importance of the syndrome. The Construct of Dhat Syndrome. Summary of Current Evidence DS is a well-known CBS, which is defined as undue concern about the weakening effects after the passage of semen in urine or through nocturnal emission that has been stated by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10).[36] It is also known as “semen loss syndrome” by Shakya,[20] which is prevalent mainly in the Indian subcontinent[37] and has also been reported in the South-Eastern and western population.[15],[16],[20],[32],[38],[39],[40],[41] Individuals with “semen loss anxiety” suffer from a myriad of psychosexual symptoms, which have been attributed to “loss of vital essence through semen” (common in South Asia).[7],[15],[16],[17],[32],[37],[41],[42],[43] The various studies related to attributes of DS and their findings are summarized further.Prakash et al.[5] studied 100 DS patients through 139 symptoms of the Associated Symptoms Scale. They studied sociodemographic profile, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and Postgraduate Institute Neuroticism Scale.

The study found a wide range of physical, anxiety, depression, sexual, and cognitive symptoms. Most commonly associated symptoms were found as per score ≥1. This study reported several parameters such as the “sense of being unhealthy” (99%), worry (99%), feeling “no improvement despite treatment” (97%), tension (97%), tiredness (95%), fatigue (95%), weakness (95%), and anxiety (95%). The common sexual disorders were observed as loss of masculinity (83%), erectile dysfunction (54%), and premature ejaculation (53%). Majority of patients had faced mild or moderate level of symptoms in which 47% of the patients reported severe weakness.

Overall distress and dysfunction were observed as 64% and 81% in the studied subjects, respectively.A study in Taiwan involved 87 participants from a Urology clinic. Most of them have sexual neurosis (Shen-K'uei syndrome).[7] More than one-third of the patients belonged to lower social class and symptoms of depression, somatization, anxiety, masturbation, and nocturnal emissions. Other bodily complaints as reported were sleep disturbances, fatigue, dizziness, backache, and weakness. Nearly 80% of them considered that all of their problems were due to masturbatory practices.De Silva and Dissanayake[8] investigated several manifestations on semen loss syndrome in the psychiatric clinic of Colombo General Hospital, Sri Lanka. Beliefs regarding effects of semen loss and help-seeking sought for DS were explored.

38 patients were studied after psychiatrically ill individuals and those with organic disorders were excluded. Duration of semen loss varied from 1 to 20 years. Every participant reported excessive loss of semen and was preoccupied with it. The common forms of semen loss were through nocturnal emission, masturbation, urinary loss, and through sexual activities. Most of them reported multiple modes of semen loss.

Masturbatory frequency and that of nocturnal emissions varied significantly. More than half of the patients reported all types of complaints (psychological, sexual, somatic, and genital).In the study by Chadda and Ahuja,[9] 52 psychiatric patients (mostly adolescents and young adults) complained of passing “Dhat” in urine. They were assessed for a period of 6 months. More than 80% of them complained of body weakness, aches, and pains. More than 50% of the patients suffered from depression and anxiety.

All the participants felt that their symptoms were due to loss of “dhat” in urine, attributed to excessive masturbation, extramarital and premarital sex. Half of those who faced sexual dysfunctions attributed them to semen loss.Mumford[11] proposed a controversial explanation of DS arguing that it might be a part of other psychiatric disorders, like depression. A total of 1000 literate patients were recruited from a medical outdoor in a public sector hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. About 600 educated patients were included as per Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI). Men with DS reported greater symptoms on BSI than those without DS.

60 psychiatric patients were also recruited from the same hospital and diagnosed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R. Among them, 33% of the patients qualified for “Dhat” items on BSI. The symptoms persisted for more than 15 days. It was observed that symptoms of DS highly correlated with BSI items, namely erectile dysfunction, burning sensation during urination, fatigue, energy loss, and weakness. This comparative study indicated that patients with DS suffered more from depressive disorders than without DS and the age group affected by DS was mostly the young.Grover et al.[15] conducted a study on 780 male patients aged >16 years in five centers (Chandigarh, Jaipur, Faridkot, Mewat, and New Delhi) of Northern India, 4 centers (2 from Kolkata, 1 each in Kalyani and Bhubaneswar) of Eastern India, 2 centers (Agra and Lucknow) of Central India, 2 centers (Ahmedabad and Wardha) of Western India, and 2 centers of Southern India (both located at Mysore) spread across the country by using DS questionnaire.

Nearly one-third of the patients were passing “Dhat” multiple times a week. Among them, nearly 60% passed almost a spoonful of “Dhat” each time during a loss. This work on sexual disorders reported that the passage of “Dhat” was mostly attributed to masturbation (55.1%), dreams on sex (47.3%), sexual desire (42.8%), and high energy foods consumption (36.7%). Mostly, the participants experienced passage of Dhat as “night falls” (60.1%) and “while passing stools” (59.5%). About 75.6% showed weakness in sexual ability as a common consequence of the “loss of Dhat.” The associated symptoms were depression, hopelessness, feeling low, decreased energy levels, weakness, and lack of pleasure.

Erectile problems and premature ejaculation were also present.Rao[17] in his first epidemiological study done in Karnataka, India, showed the prevalence rate of DS in general male population as 12.5%. It was found that 57.5% were suffering either from comorbid depression or anxiety disorders. The prevalence of psychiatric and sexual disorders was about three times higher with DS compared to non-DS subjects. One-third of the cases (32.8%) had no comorbidity in hospital (urban). One-fifth (20.5%) and 50% subjects (51.3%) had comorbid depressive disorders and sexual dysfunction.

The psychosexual symptoms were found among 113 patients who had DS. The most common psychological symptoms reported by the subjects with DS were low self-esteem (100%), loss of interest in any activity (95.60%), feeling of guilt (92.00%), and decreased social interaction (90.30%). In case of sexual disorders, beliefs were held commonly about testes becoming smaller (92.00%), thinness of semen (86.70%), decreased sexual capabilities (83.20%), and tilting of penis (70.80%).Shakya[20] studied a clinicodemographic profile of DS patients in psychiatry outpatient clinic of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.

A total of 50 subjects were included in this study, and the psychiatric diagnoses as well as comorbidities were investigated as per the ICD-10 criteria. Among the subjects, most of the cases had symptoms of depression and anxiety, and all the subjects were worried about semen loss. Somehow these subjects had heard or read that semen loss or masturbation is unhealthy practice. The view of participants was that semen is very “precious,” needs preservation, and masturbation is a malpractice. Beside DS, two-thirds of the subjects had comorbid depression.In another Indian study, Chadda et al.[24] compared patients with DS with those affected with neurotic/depressive disorders.

Among 100 patients, 50%, 32%, and 18% reported depression, somatic problems, and anxiety, respectively. The authors argued that cases of DS have similar symptom dimensions as mood and anxiety disorders.Dhikav et al.[31] examined prevalence and management depression comorbid with DS. DSM-IV and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used for assessments. About 66% of the patients met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of depression. They concluded that depression was a frequent comorbidity in DS patients.In a study by Perme et al.[37] from South India that included 32 DS patients, the control group consisted of 33 people from the same clinic without DS, depression, and anxiety.

The researchers followed the guidelines of Bhatia and Malik's for the assessment of primary complaints of semen loss through “nocturnal emissions, masturbation, sexual intercourse, and passing of semen before and after urine.” The assessment was done based on several indices, namely “Somatization Screening Index, Illness Behavior Questionnaire, Somatosensory Amplification Scale, Whitley Index, and Revised Chalder Fatigue Scale.” Several complaints such as somatic complaints, hypochondriacal beliefs, and fatigue were observed to be significantly higher among patients with DS compared to the control group.A study conducted in South Hall (an industrial area in the borough of Middlesex, London) included Indian and Pakistani immigrants. Young men living separately from their wives reported promiscuity, some being infected with gonorrhea and syphilis. Like other studies, nocturnal emission, weakness, and impotency were the other reported complaints. Semen was considered to be responsible for strength and vigor by most patients. Compared to the sexual problems of Indians, the British residents complained of pelvic issues and backache.In another work, Bhatia et al.[42] undertook a study on culture-bound syndromes and reported that 76.7% of the sample had DS followed by possession syndrome and Koro (a genital-related anxiety among males in South-East Asia).

Priyadarshi and Verma[43] performed a study in Urology Department of S M S Hospital, Jaipur, India. They conducted the study among 110 male patients who complained of DS and majority of them were living alone (54.5%) or in nuclear family (30%) as compared to joint family. Furthermore, 60% of them reported of never having experienced sex.Nakra et al.[44] investigated incidence and clinical features of 150 consecutive patients who presented with potency complaints in their clinic. Clinical assessments were done apart from detailed sexual history. The patients were 15–50 years of age, educated up to mid-school and mostly from a rural background.

Most of them were married and reported premarital sexual practices, while nearly 67% of them practiced masturbation from early age. There was significant guilt associated with nocturnal emissions and masturbation. Nearly 27% of the cases reported DS-like symptoms attributing their health problems to semen loss.Behere and Nataraj[45] reported that majority of the patients with DS presented with comorbidities of physical weakness, anxiety, headache, sad mood, loss of appetite, impotence, and premature ejaculation. The authors stated that DS in India is a symptom complex commonly found in younger age groups (16–23 years). The study subjects presented with complaints of whitish discharge in urine and believed that the loss of semen through masturbation was the reason for DS and weakness.Singh et al.[46] studied 50 cases with DS and sexual problems (premature ejaculation and impotence) from Punjab, India, after exclusion of those who were psychiatrically ill.

It was assumed in the study that semen loss is considered synonymous to “loss of something precious”, hence its loss would be associated with low mood and grief. Impotency (24%), premature ejaculation (14%), and “Dhat” in urine (40%) were the common complaints observed. Patients reported variety of symptoms including anxiety, depression, appetite loss, sleep problems, bodily pains, and headache. More than half of the patients were independently diagnosed with depression, and hence, the authors argued that DS may be a manifestation of depressive disorders.Bhatia and Malik[47] reported that the most common complaints associated with DS were physical weakness, fatigue and palpitation, insomnia, sad mood, headache, guilt feeling and suicidal ideation, impotence, and premature ejaculation. Psychiatric disorders were found in 69% of the patients, out of which the most common was depression followed by anxiety, psychosis, and phobia.

About 15% of the patients were found to have premature ejaculation and 8% had impotence.Bhatia et al.[48] examined several biological variables of DS after enrolment of 40 patients in a psychosexual clinic in Delhi. Patients had a history of impotence, premature ejaculation, and loss of semen (after exclusion of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders). Twenty years was the mean age of onset and semen loss was mainly through masturbation and sexual intercourse. 67.5% and 75% of them reported sexual disorders and psychiatric comorbidity while 25%, 12.5%, and 37.5% were recorded to suffer from ejaculatory impotence, premature ejaculation, and depression (with anxiety), respectively.Bhatia[49] conducted a study on CBS among 60 patients attending psychiatric outdoor in a teaching hospital. The study revealed that among all patients with CBSs, DS was the most common (76.7%) followed by possession syndrome (13.3%) and Koro (5%).

Hypochondriasis, sexually transmitted diseases, and depression were the associated comorbidities. Morrone et al.[50] studied 18 male patients with DS in the Dermatology department who were from Bangladesh and India. The symptoms observed were mainly fatigue and nonspecific somatic symptoms. DS patients manifested several symptoms in psychosocial, religious, somatic, and other domains. The reasons provided by the patients for semen loss were urinary loss, nocturnal emission, and masturbation.

Dhat Syndrome. The Epidemiology The typical demographic profile of a DS patient has been reported to be a less educated, young male from lower socioeconomic status and usually from rural areas. In the earlier Indian studies by Carstairs,[51],[52],[53] it was observed that majority of the cases (52%–66.7%) were from rural areas, belonged to “conservative families and posed rigid views about sex” (69%-73%). De Silva and Dissanayake[8] in their study on semen loss syndrome reported the average age of onset of DS to be 25 years with most of them from lower-middle socioeconomic class. Chadda and Ahuja[9] studied young psychiatric patients who complained of semen loss.

They were mainly manual laborers, farmers, and clerks from low socioeconomic status. More than half were married and mostly uneducated. Khan[13] studied DS patients in Pakistan and reported that majority of the patients visited Hakims (50%) and Homeopaths (24%) for treatment. The age range was wide between 12 and 65 years with an average age of 24 years. Among those studied, majority were unmarried (75%), literacy was up to matriculation and they belonged to lower socioeconomic class.

Grover et al.[15] in their study of 780 male subjects showed the average age of onset to be 28.14 years and the age ranged between 21 and 30 years (55.3%). The subjects were single or unmarried (51.0%) and married (46.7%). About 23.5% of the subjects had graduated and most were unemployed (73.5%). Majority of subjects were lower-middle class (34%) and had lower incomes. Rao[17] studied 907 subjects, in which majority were from 18 to 30 years (44.5%).

About 45.80% of the study subjects were illiterates and very few had completed postgraduation. The subjects were both married and single. Majority of the subjects were residing in nuclear family (61.30%) and only 0.30% subjects were residing alone. Most of the patients did not have comorbid addictive disorders. The subjects were mainly engaged in agriculture (43.40%).

Majority of the subjects were from lower middle and upper lower socioeconomic class.Shakya[20] had studied the sociodemographic profile of 50 patients with DS. The average age of the studied patients was 25.4 years. The age ranges in decreasing order of frequency were 16–20 years (34%) followed by 21–25 years (28%), greater than 30 years (26%), 26–30 years (10%), and 11–15 years (2%). Further, the subjects were mostly students (50%) and rest were in service (26%), farmers (14%), laborers (6%), and business (4%), respectively. Dhikav et al.[31] conducted a study on 30 patients who had attended the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary care hospital with complaints of frequently passing semen in urine.

In the studied patients, the age ranged between 20 and 40 years with an average age of 29 years and average age of onset of 19 years. The average duration of illness was that of 11 months. Most of the studied patients were unmarried (64.2%) and educated till middle or high school (70%). Priyadarshi and Verma[43] performed a study in 110 male patients with DS. The average age of the patients was 23.53 years and it ranged between 15 and 68 years.

The most affected age group of patients was of 18–25 years, which comprised about 60% of patients. On the other hand, about 25% ranged between 25 and 35 years, 10% were lesser than 18 years of age, and 5.5% patients were aged >35 years. Higher percentage of the patients were unmarried (70%). Interestingly, high prevalence of DS was found in educated patients and about 50% of patients were graduate or above but most of the patients were either unemployed or student (49.1%). About 55% and 24.5% patients showed monthly family income of <10,000 and 5000 Indian Rupees (INR), respectively.

Two-third patients belonged to rural areas of residence. Behere and Nataraj[45] found majority of the patients with DS (68%) to be between 16 and 25 years age. About 52% patients were married while 48% were unmarried and from lower socioeconomic strata. The duration of DS symptoms varied widely. Singh[46] studied patients those who reported with DS, impotence, and premature ejaculation and reported the average age of the affected to be 21.8 years with a younger age of onset.

Only a few patients received higher education. Bhatia and Malik[47] as mentioned earlier reported that age at the time of onset of DS ranged from 16 to 24 years. More than half of them were single. It was observed that most patients had some territorial education (91.67%) but few (8.33%) had postgraduate education or professional training. Finally, Bhatia et al.[48] studied cases of sexual dysfunctions and reported an average age of 21.6 years among the affected, majority being unmarried (80%).

Most of those who had comorbid DS symptoms received minimal formal education. Management. A Multimodal Approach As mentioned before, individuals affected with DS often seek initial treatment with traditional healers, practitioners of alternative medicine, and local quacks. As a consequence, varied treatment strategies have been popularized. Dietary supplements, protein and iron-rich diet, Vitamin B and C-complexes, antibiotics, multivitamin injections, herbal “supplements,” etc., have all been used in the treatment though scientific evidence related to them is sparse.[33] Frequent change of doctors, irregular compliance to treatment, and high dropout from health care are the major challenges, as the attributional beliefs toward DS persist in the majority even after repeated reassurance.[54] A multidisciplinary approach (involving psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric social workers) is recommended and close liaison with the general physicians, the Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy practitioners, dermatologists, venereologists, and neurologists often help.

The role of faith healers and local counselors is vital, and it is important to integrate them into the care of DS patients, rather than side-tracking them from the system. Community awareness needs to be increased especially in primary health care for early detection and appropriate referrals. Follow-up data show two-thirds of patients affected with DS recovering with psychoeducation and low-dose sedatives.[45] Bhatia[49] studied 60 cases of DS and reported better response to anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications compared to psychotherapy alone. Classically, the correction of attributional biases through empathy, reflective, and nonjudgmental approaches has been proposed.[38] Over the years, sex education, psychotherapy, psychoeducation, relaxation techniques, and medications have been advocated in the management of DS.[9],[55] In psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral and brief solution-focused approaches are useful to target the dysfunctional assumptions and beliefs in DS. The role of sex education is vital involving the basic understanding of sexual anatomy and physiology of sexuality.

This needs to be tailored to the local terminology and beliefs. Biofeedback has also been proposed as a treatment modality.[4] Individual stress factors that might have precipitated DS need to be addressed. A detailed outline of assessment, evaluation, and management of DS is beyond the scope of this article and has already been reported in the IPS Clinical Practice Guidelines.[56] The readers are referred to these important guidelines for a comprehensive read on management. Probably, the most important factor is to understand and resolve the sociocultural contexts in the genesis of DS in each individual. Adequate debunking of the myths related to sexuality and culturally appropriate sexual education is vital both for the prevention and treatment of DS.[56] Adequate treatment of comorbidities such as depression and anxiety often helps in reduction of symptoms, more so when the DS is considered to be a manifestation of the same.

Future of Dhat Syndrome. The Way Forward Classifications in psychiatry have always been fraught with debates and discussion such as categorical versus dimensional, biological versus evolutionary. CBS like DS forms a major area of this nosological controversy. Longitudinal stability of a diagnosis is considered to be an important part of its independent categorization. Sameer et al.[23] followed up DS patients for 6.0 ± 3.5 years and concluded that the “pure” variety of DS is not a stable diagnostic entity.

The authors rather proposed DS as a variant of somatoform disorder, with cultural explanations. The right “place” for DS in classification systems has mostly been debated and theoretically fluctuant.[14] Sridhar et al.[57] mentioned the importance of reclassifying DS from a clinically, phenomenologically, psycho-pathologically, and diagnostically valid standpoint. Although both ICD and DSM have been culturally sensitive to classification, their approach to DS has been different. While ICD-10 considers DS under “other nonpsychotic mental disorders” (F48), DSM-V mentions it only in appendix section as “cultural concepts of distress” not assigning the condition any particular number.[12],[58] Fundamental questions have actually been raised about its separate existence altogether,[35] which further puts its diagnostic position in doubt. As discussed in the earlier sections, an alternate hypothesization of DS is a cultural variant of depression, rather than a “true syndrome.”[27] Over decades, various schools of thought have considered DS either to be a global phenomenon or a cultural “idiom” of distress in specific geographical regions or a manifestation of other primary psychiatric disorders.[59] Qualitative studies in doctors have led to marked discordance in their opinion about the validity and classificatory area of DS.[60] The upcoming ICD-11 targets to pay more importance to cultural contexts for a valid and reliable classification.

However, separating the phenomenological boundaries of diseases might lead to subsetting the cultural and contextual variants in broader rubrics.[61],[62] In that way, ICD-11 might propose alternate models for distinction of CBS like DS at nosological levels.[62] It is evident that various factors include socioeconomics, acceptability, and sustainability influence global classificatory systems, and this might influence the “niche” of DS in the near future. It will be interesting to see whether it retains its diagnostic independence or gets subsumed under the broader “narrative” of depression. In any case, uniformity of diagnosing this culturally relevant yet distressing and highly prevalent condition will remain a major area related to psychiatric research and treatment. Conclusion DS is a multidimensional psychiatric “construct” which is equally interesting and controversial. Historically relevant and symptomatically mysterious, this disorder provides unique insights into cultural contexts of human behavior and the role of misattributions, beliefs, and misinformation in sexuality.

Beyond the traditional debate about its “separate” existence, the high prevalence of DS, associated comorbidities, and resultant dysfunction make it relevant for emotional and psychosexual health. It is also treatable, and hence, the detection, understanding, and awareness become vital to its management. This oration attempts a “bird's eye” view of this CBS taking into account a holistic perspective of the available evidence so far. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic and epidemiological attributes, management, and nosological controversies are highlighted to provide a comprehensive account of DS and its relevance to mental health. More systematic and mixed methods research are warranted to unravel the enigma of this controversial yet distressing psychiatric disorder.AcknowledgmentI sincerely thank Dr.

Debanjan Banerjee (Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore) for his constant selfless support, rich academic discourse, and continued collaboration that helped me condense years of research and ideas into this paper.Financial support and sponsorshipNil.Conflicts of interestThere are no conflicts of interest. References 1.2.3.Srinivasa Murthy R, Wig NN. A man ahead of his time. In. Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Tandon A, editors.

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Cultural perspectives related to international classification of diseases-11. Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2018;34 Suppl S1:1-4. Correspondence Address:T S Sathyanarayana RaoDepartment of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore - 570 004, Karnataka IndiaSource of Support. None, Conflict of Interest. NoneDOI.

10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_791_20.

How to where to buy kamagra cite this article:Singh OP. Mental health in diverse India. Need for where to buy kamagra advocacy. Indian J Psychiatry 2021;63:315-6”Unity in diversity” - That is the theme of India which we are quite proud of.

We have diversity in terms of geography – From the Himalayas to the deserts where to buy kamagra to the seas. Every region has its own distinct culture and food. There are so many varieties of dress and language. There is huge difference between the states in terms of development, attitude toward women, where to buy kamagra health infrastructure, child mortality, and other sociodemographic development indexes.

There is now ample evidence that sociocultural factors influence mental health. Compton and Shim[1] have described in their model of gene environment interaction how public policies and social norms act on the distribution of opportunity leading to social inequality, exclusion, poor environment, where to buy kamagra discrimination, and unemployment. This in turn leads to reduced options, poor choices, and high-risk behavior. Combining genetic vulnerability and early brain where to buy kamagra insult with low access to health care leads to poor mental health, disease, and morbidity.When we come to the field of mental health, we find huge differences between different states of India.

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was markedly different while it was 5.8 and 5.1 for Assam and Uttar Pradesh at the lower end of the spectrum, it was 13.9 and 14.1 for Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra at the higher end of the spectrum. There was also a huge difference between the rural areas and metros, particularly in terms of psychosis and bipolar disorders.[2] The difference was distinct not only in the prevalence but also in the type of psychiatric disorders. While the more developed southern states had higher prevalence of adult-onset disorders such as depression and anxiety, where to buy kamagra the less developed northern states had more of childhood onset disorders. This may be due to lead toxicity, nutritional status, and perinatal issues.

Higher rates where to buy kamagra of depression and anxiety were found in females. Apart from the genetic and hormonal factors, increase was attributed to gender discrimination, violence, sexual abuse, and adverse sociocultural norms. Marriage was found to where to buy kamagra be a negative prognostic indicator contrary to the western norms.[3]Cultural influences on the presentation of psychiatric disorders are apparent. Being in recessive position in the family is one of the strongest predictors of psychiatric illnesses and psychosomatic disorders.

The presentation of depressive and anxiety disorders with more somatic symptoms results from inability to express due to unequal power equation in the family rather than the lack of expressions. Apart from culture bound syndromes, the role of cultural idioms of distress in manifestations of psychiatric symptoms is well acknowledged.When we look into where to buy kamagra suicide data, suicide in lower socioeconomic strata (annual income <1 lakh) was 92,083, in annual income group of 1–5 lakhs, it was 41,197, and in higher income group, it was 4726. Among those who committed suicide, 67% were young adults, 34% had family problems, 23.4% of suicides occurred in daily laborers, 10.1% in unemployed persons, and 7.4% in farmers.[4]While there are huge regional differences in mental health issues, the challenges in mental health in India remain stigma reduction, conducting research on efficacy of early intervention, reaching the unreached, gender sensitive services, making quality mental healthcare accessible and available, suicide prevention, reduction of substance abuse, implementing insurance for mental health and reducing out-of-pocket expense, and finally, improving care for homeless mentally ill. All these require sustained advocacy aimed at promoting rights of mentally ill persons and reducing stigma and where to buy kamagra discriminations.

It consists of various actions aimed at changing the attitudinal barriers in achieving positive mental health outcomes in the general population. Psychiatrists as Mental Health Advocates There is a debate whether psychiatrists who are overburdened with clinical care could or should be involved in the advocacy activities which require skills in other areas, and sometimes, they find themselves at the receiving end of mental health advocates. We must be involved and pathways should be to build technical evidence for where to buy kamagra mapping out the problem, cost-effective interventions, and their efficacy.Advocacy can be done at institutional level, organizational level, and individual level. There has been huge work done in this regard at institution level.

Important research work done in this regard includes the National Mental Health Survey, National Survey on Extent where to buy kamagra and Pattern of Substance Use in India, Global Burden of Diseases in Indian States, and Trajectory of Brain Development. Other activities include improving the infrastructure of mental hospitals, telepsychiatry services, provision of free drugs, providing training to increase the number of service providers. Similarly, at organizational level, the Indian Psychiatric Society where to buy kamagra (IPS) has filed a case for lacunae in Mental Health-care Act, 2017. Another case filed by the IPS lead to change of name of the film from “Mental Hai Kya” to “Judgemental Hai Kya.” In LGBT issue, the IPS statement was quoted in the final judgement on the decriminalization of homosexuality.

The IPS has also started helplines at different levels and media interactions. The Indian Journal of Psychiatry has also come out with editorials highlighting the need where to buy kamagra of care of marginalized population such as migrant laborers and persons with dementia. At an individual level, we can be involved in ensuring quality treatment, respecting dignity and rights of the patient, sensitization of staff, working with patients and caregivers to plan services, and being involved locally in media and public awareness activities.The recent experience of Brazil is an eye opener where suicide reduction resulted from direct cash transfer pointing at the role of economic decision in suicide.[5] In India where economic inequality is increasing, male-to-female ratio is abysmal in some states (877 in Haryana to 1034 in Kerala), our actions should be sensitive to this regional variation. When the enemy is economic inequality, our where to buy kamagra weapon is research highlighting the role of these factors on mental health.

References 1.Compton MT, Shim RS. The social determinants of where to buy kamagra mental health. Focus 2015;13:419-25. 2.Gururaj G, Varghese M, Benegal V, Rao GN, Pathak K, Singh LK, et al.

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5.Machado DB, Rasella D, dos Santos DN. Impact of income inequality and other social determinants on suicide rate in Brazil. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124934. Correspondence Address:Om Prakash SinghDepartment of Psychiatry, WBMES, Kolkata, West Bengal.

AMRI Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal IndiaSource of Support. None, Conflict of Interest. NoneDOI. 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_635_21Abstract Sexual health, an essential component of individual's health, is influenced by many complex issues including sexual behavior, attitudes, societal, and cultural factors on the one hand and while on the other hand, biological aspects, genetic predisposition, and associated mental and physical illnesses.

Sexual health is a neglected area, even though it influences mortality, morbidity, and disability. Dhat syndrome (DS), the term coined by Dr. N. N.

Wig, has been at the forefront of advancements in understanding and misunderstanding. The concept of DS is still evolving being treated as a culture-bound syndrome in the past to a syndrome of depression and treated as “a culturally determined idiom of distress.” It is bound with myths, fallacies, prejudices, secrecy, exaggeration, and value-laden judgments. Although it has been reported from many countries, much of the literature has emanated from Asia, that too mainly from India. The research in India has ranged from the study of a few cases in the past to recent national multicentric studies concerning phenomenology and beliefs of patients.

The epidemiological studies have ranged from being hospital-based to population-based studies in rural and urban settings. There are studies on the management of individual cases by resolving sexual myths, relaxation exercises, supportive psychotherapy, anxiolytics, and antidepressants to broader and deeper research concerning cognitive behavior therapy. The presentation looks into DS as a model case highlighting the importance of exploring sexual health concerns in the Indian population in general and in particular need to reconsider DS in the light of the newly available literature. It makes a fervent appeal for the inclusion of DS in the mainstream diagnostic categories in the upcoming revisions of the diagnostic manuals which can pave the way for a better understanding and management of DS and sexual problems.Keywords.

Culture-bound syndrome, Dhat syndrome, Dhat syndrome management, Dhat syndrome prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, sexual disordersHow to cite this article:Sathyanarayana Rao T S. History and mystery of Dhat syndrome. A critical look at the current understanding and future directions. Indian J Psychiatry 2021;63:317-25 Introduction Mr.

President, Chairpersons, my respected teachers and seniors, my professional colleagues and friends, ladies and gentlemen:I deem it a proud privilege and pleasure to receive and to deliver DLN Murti Rao Oration Award for 2020. I am humbled at this great honor and remain grateful to the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) in general and the awards committee in particular. I would like to begin my presentation with my homage to Professor DLN Murti Rao, who was a Doyen of Psychiatry.[1] I have a special connection to the name as Dr. Doddaballapura Laxmi Narasimha Murti Rao, apart from a family name, obtained his medical degree from Mysore Medical College, Mysuru, India, the same city where I have served last 33 years in JSS Medical College and JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research.

His name carries the reverence in the corridors of the current National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) at Bangalore which was All India Institute of Mental Health, when he served as Head and the Medical Superintendent. Another coincidence was his untimely demise in 1962, the same year another Doyen Dr. Wig[2],[3] published the article on a common but peculiar syndrome in the Indian context and gave the name Dhat syndrome (DS). Even though Dr.

Wig is no more, his legacy of profound contribution to psychiatry and psychiatric education in general and service to the society and Mental Health, in particular, is well documented. His keen observation and study culminated in synthesizing many aspects and developments in DS.I would also like to place on record my humble pranams to my teachers from Christian Medical College, Vellore – Dr. Abraham Varghese, the first Editor of the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine and Dr. K.

Kuruvilla, Past Editor of Indian Journal of Psychiatry whose legacies I carried forward for both the journals. I must place on record that my journey in the field of Sexual Medicine was sown by Dr. K. Kuruvilla and subsequent influence of Dr.

Ajit Avasthi from Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research from Chandigarh as my role model in the field. There are many more who have shaped and nurtured my interest in the field of sex and sexuality.The term “Dhat” was taken from the Sanskrit language, which is an important word “Dhatu” and has known several meanings such as “metal,” a “medicinal constituent,” which can be considered as most powerful material within the human body.[4] The Dhat disorder is mainly known for “loss of semen”, and the DS is a well-known “culture-bound syndrome (CBS).”[4] The DS leads to several psychosexual disorders such as physical weakness, tiredness, anxiety, appetite loss, and guilt related to the loss of semen through nocturnal emission, in urine and by masturbation as mentioned in many studies.[4],[5],[6] Conventionally, Charaka Samhita mentions “waste of bodily humors” being linked to the “loss of Dhatus.”[5] Semen has even been mentioned by Aristotle as a “soul substance” and weakness associated with its loss.[6] This has led to a plethora of beliefs about “food-blood-semen” relationship where the loss of semen is considered to reduce vitality, potency, and psychophysiological strength. People have variously attributed DS to excessive masturbation, premarital sex, promiscuity, and nocturnal emissions. Several past studies have emphasized that CBS leads to “anxiety for loss of semen” is not only prevalent in the Indian subcontinent but also a global phenomenon.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20]It is important to note that DS manifestation and the psychosexual features are based on the impact of culture, demographic profiles, and the socioeconomic status of the patients.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20] According to Leff,[21] culture depends upon norms, values, and myths, based on a specific area, and is also shared by the indigenous individuals of that area.

Tiwari et al.[22] mentioned in their study that “culture is closely associated with mental disorders through social and psychological activities.” With this background, the paper attempts to highlight the multidimensional construct of DS for a better clinical understanding in routine practice. Dhat Syndrome. A Separate Entity or a “Cultural Variant” of Depression Even though DS has been studied for years now, a consensus on the definition is yet to be achieved. It has mostly been conceptualized as a multidimensional psychosomatic entity consisting of anxiety, depressive, somatic, and sexual phenomenology.

Most importantly, abnormal and erroneous attributions are considered to be responsible for the genesis of DS. The most important debate is, however, related to the nosological status of DS. Although considered to a CBS unique to India, it has also been increasingly reported in China, Europe, Japan, Malaysia, Russia, and America.[11] The consistency and validity of its diagnosis have been consistently debated, and one of the most vital questions that emerged was. Can there be another way to conceptualize DS?.

There is no single answer to that question. Apart from an independent entity, the diagnostic validity of which has been limited in longitudinal studies,[23] it has also been a cultural variant of depressive and somatization disorders. Mumford[11] in his study of Asian patients with DS found a significant association with depressed mood, anxiety, and fatigue. Around the same time, another study by Chadha[24] reported comorbidities in DS at a rate of 50%, 32%, and 18% related to depression, somatoform disorders, and anxiety, respectively.

Depression continued to be reported as the most common association of DS in many studies.[25],[26] This “cause-effect” dilemma can never be fully resolved. Whether “loss of semen” and the cultural attributions to it leads to the affective symptoms or whether low mood and neuroticism can lead to DS in appropriate cultural context are two sides of the argument. However, the cognitive biases resulting in the attributional errors of DS and the subsequently maintained attitudes with relation to sexuality can be explained by the depressive cognitions and concepts of learned helplessness. Balhara[27] has argued that since DS is not really culture specific as thought of earlier, it should not be solely categorized as a functional somatic syndrome, as that can have detrimental effects on its understanding and management.

He also mentions that the underlying “emotional distress and cultural contexts” are not unique to DS but can be related to any psychiatric syndrome for that matter. On the contrary, other researchers have warned that subsuming DS and other CBS under the broader rubric of “mood disorders” can lead to neglect and reductionism in disorder like DS that can have unique cultural connotations.[28] Over the years, there have been multiple propositions to relook and relabel CBS like DS. Considering it as a variant of depression or somatization can make it a “cultural phenotype” of these disorders in certain regions, thus making it easier for the classificatory systems. This dichotomous debate seems never-ending, but clinically, it is always better to err on over-diagnosing and over-treating depression and anxiety in DS, which can improve the well-being of the distressed patients.

Why Discuss Dhat Syndrome. Implications in Clinical Practice DS might occur independently or associated with multiple comorbidities. It has been a widely recognized clinical condition in various parts of the world, though considered specific to the Indian subcontinent. The presentation can often be polymorphic with symptom clusters of affective, somatic, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations.[29] Being common in rural areas, the first contacts of the patients are frequently traditional faith healers and less often, the general practitioners.

A psychiatric referral occurs much later, if at all. This leads to underdetection and faulty treatments, which can strengthen the already existing misattributions and misinformation responsible for maintaining the disorder. Furthermore, depression and sexual dysfunction can be the important comorbidities that if untreated, lead to significant psychosocial dysfunction and impaired quality of life.[30] Besides many patients of DS believe that their symptoms are due to failure of interpersonal relationships, s, and heredity, which might cause early death and infertility. This contributes to the vicious cycle of fear and panic.[31] Doctor shopping is another challenge and failure to detect and address the concern of DS might lead to dropping out from the care.[15] Rao[17] in their epidemiological study reported 12.5% prevalence in the general population, with 20.5% and 50% suffering from comorbid depression and sexual disorders.

The authors stressed upon the importance of early detection of DS for the psychosexual and social well-being. Most importantly, the multidimensional presentation of DS can at certain times be a facade overshadowing underlying neurotic disorders (anxiety, depression, somatoform, hypochondriasis, and phobias), obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and body dysmorphic disorders, delusional disorders, sexual disorders (premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction) and infectious disorders (urinary tract s, sexually transmitted diseases), and even stress-related manifestations in otherwise healthy individuals.[4],[14],[15] This significant overlap of symptomatology, increased prevalence, and marked comorbidity make it all the more important for physicians to make sense out of the construct of DS. That can facilitate prompt detection and management of DS in routine clinical practice.In an earlier review study, it was observed that few studies are undertaken to update the research works from published articles as an updated review, systemic review, world literature review, etc., on DS and its management approach.[29],[32],[33],[34],[35] The present paper attempts to compile the evidence till date on DS related to its nosology, critique, manifestations, and management plan. The various empirical studies on DS all over the world will be briefly discussed along with the implications and importance of the syndrome.

The Construct of Dhat Syndrome. Summary of Current Evidence DS is a well-known CBS, which is defined as undue concern about the weakening effects after the passage of semen in urine or through nocturnal emission that has been stated by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10).[36] It is also known as “semen loss syndrome” by Shakya,[20] which is prevalent mainly in the Indian subcontinent[37] and has also been reported in the South-Eastern and western population.[15],[16],[20],[32],[38],[39],[40],[41] Individuals with “semen loss anxiety” suffer from a myriad of psychosexual symptoms, which have been attributed to “loss of vital essence through semen” (common in South Asia).[7],[15],[16],[17],[32],[37],[41],[42],[43] The various studies related to attributes of DS and their findings are summarized further.Prakash et al.[5] studied 100 DS patients through 139 symptoms of the Associated Symptoms Scale. They studied sociodemographic profile, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and Postgraduate Institute Neuroticism Scale. The study found a wide range of physical, anxiety, depression, sexual, and cognitive symptoms.

Most commonly associated symptoms were found as per score ≥1. This study reported several parameters such as the “sense of being unhealthy” (99%), worry (99%), feeling “no improvement despite treatment” (97%), tension (97%), tiredness (95%), fatigue (95%), weakness (95%), and anxiety (95%). The common sexual disorders were observed as loss of masculinity (83%), erectile dysfunction (54%), and premature ejaculation (53%). Majority of patients had faced mild or moderate level of symptoms in which 47% of the patients reported severe weakness.

Overall distress and dysfunction were observed as 64% and 81% in the studied subjects, respectively.A study in Taiwan involved 87 participants from a Urology clinic. Most of them have sexual neurosis (Shen-K'uei syndrome).[7] More than one-third of the patients belonged to lower social class and symptoms of depression, somatization, anxiety, masturbation, and nocturnal emissions. Other bodily complaints as reported were sleep disturbances, fatigue, dizziness, backache, and weakness. Nearly 80% of them considered that all of their problems were due to masturbatory practices.De Silva and Dissanayake[8] investigated several manifestations on semen loss syndrome in the psychiatric clinic of Colombo General Hospital, Sri Lanka.

Beliefs regarding effects of semen loss and help-seeking sought for DS were explored. 38 patients were studied after psychiatrically ill individuals and those with organic disorders were excluded. Duration of semen loss varied from 1 to 20 years. Every participant reported excessive loss of semen and was preoccupied with it.

The common forms of semen loss were through nocturnal emission, masturbation, urinary loss, and through sexual activities. Most of them reported multiple modes of semen loss. Masturbatory frequency and that of nocturnal emissions varied significantly. More than half of the patients reported all types of complaints (psychological, sexual, somatic, and genital).In the study by Chadda and Ahuja,[9] 52 psychiatric patients (mostly adolescents and young adults) complained of passing “Dhat” in urine.

They were assessed for a period of 6 months. More than 80% of them complained of body weakness, aches, and pains. More than 50% of the patients suffered from depression and anxiety. All the participants felt that their symptoms were due to loss of “dhat” in urine, attributed to excessive masturbation, extramarital and premarital sex.

Half of those who faced sexual dysfunctions attributed them to semen loss.Mumford[11] proposed a controversial explanation of DS arguing that it might be a part of other psychiatric disorders, like depression. A total of 1000 literate patients were recruited from a medical outdoor in a public sector hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. About 600 educated patients were included as per Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI). Men with DS reported greater symptoms on BSI than those without DS.

60 psychiatric patients were also recruited from the same hospital and diagnosed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R. Among them, 33% of the patients qualified for “Dhat” items on BSI. The symptoms persisted for more than 15 days. It was observed that symptoms of DS highly correlated with BSI items, namely erectile dysfunction, burning sensation during urination, fatigue, energy loss, and weakness.

This comparative study indicated that patients with DS suffered more from depressive disorders than without DS and the age group affected by DS was mostly the young.Grover et al.[15] conducted a study on 780 male patients aged >16 years in five centers (Chandigarh, Jaipur, Faridkot, Mewat, and New Delhi) of Northern India, 4 centers (2 from Kolkata, 1 each in Kalyani and Bhubaneswar) of Eastern India, 2 centers (Agra and Lucknow) of Central India, 2 centers (Ahmedabad and Wardha) of Western India, and 2 centers of Southern India (both located at Mysore) spread across the country by using DS questionnaire. Nearly one-third of the patients were passing “Dhat” multiple times a week. Among them, nearly 60% passed almost a spoonful of “Dhat” each time during a loss. This work on sexual disorders reported that the passage of “Dhat” was mostly attributed to masturbation (55.1%), dreams on sex (47.3%), sexual desire (42.8%), and high energy foods consumption (36.7%).

Mostly, the participants experienced passage of Dhat as “night falls” (60.1%) and “while passing stools” (59.5%). About 75.6% showed weakness in sexual ability as a common consequence of the “loss of Dhat.” The associated symptoms were depression, hopelessness, feeling low, decreased energy levels, weakness, and lack of pleasure. Erectile problems and premature ejaculation were also present.Rao[17] in his first epidemiological study done in Karnataka, India, showed the prevalence rate of DS in general male population as 12.5%. It was found that 57.5% were suffering either from comorbid depression or anxiety disorders.

The prevalence of psychiatric and sexual disorders was about three times higher with DS compared to non-DS subjects. One-third of the cases (32.8%) had no comorbidity in hospital (urban). One-fifth (20.5%) and 50% subjects (51.3%) had comorbid depressive disorders and sexual dysfunction. The psychosexual symptoms were found among 113 patients who had DS.

The most common psychological symptoms reported by the subjects with DS were low self-esteem (100%), loss of interest in any activity (95.60%), feeling of guilt (92.00%), and decreased social interaction (90.30%). In case of sexual disorders, beliefs were held commonly about testes becoming smaller (92.00%), thinness of semen (86.70%), decreased sexual capabilities (83.20%), and tilting of penis (70.80%).Shakya[20] studied a clinicodemographic profile of DS patients in psychiatry outpatient clinic of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.

A total of 50 subjects were included in this study, and the psychiatric diagnoses as well as comorbidities were investigated as per the ICD-10 criteria. Among the subjects, most of the cases had symptoms of depression and anxiety, and all the subjects were worried about semen loss. Somehow these subjects had heard or read that semen loss or masturbation is unhealthy practice. The view of participants was that semen is very “precious,” needs preservation, and masturbation is a malpractice.

Beside DS, two-thirds of the subjects had comorbid depression.In another Indian study, Chadda et al.[24] compared patients with DS with those affected with neurotic/depressive disorders. Among 100 patients, 50%, 32%, and 18% reported depression, somatic problems, and anxiety, respectively. The authors argued that cases of DS have similar symptom dimensions as mood and anxiety disorders.Dhikav et al.[31] examined prevalence and management depression comorbid with DS. DSM-IV and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used for assessments.

About 66% of the patients met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of depression. They concluded that depression was a frequent comorbidity in DS patients.In a study by Perme et al.[37] from South India that included 32 DS patients, the control group consisted of 33 people from the same clinic without DS, depression, and anxiety. The researchers followed the guidelines of Bhatia and Malik's for the assessment of primary complaints of semen loss through “nocturnal emissions, masturbation, sexual intercourse, and passing of semen before and after urine.” The assessment was done based on several indices, namely “Somatization Screening Index, Illness Behavior Questionnaire, Somatosensory Amplification Scale, Whitley Index, and Revised Chalder Fatigue Scale.” Several complaints such as somatic complaints, hypochondriacal beliefs, and fatigue were observed to be significantly higher among patients with DS compared to the control group.A study conducted in South Hall (an industrial area in the borough of Middlesex, London) included Indian and Pakistani immigrants. Young men living separately from their wives reported promiscuity, some being infected with gonorrhea and syphilis.

Like other studies, nocturnal emission, weakness, and impotency were the other reported complaints. Semen was considered to be responsible for strength and vigor by most patients. Compared to the sexual problems of Indians, the British residents complained of pelvic issues and backache.In another work, Bhatia et al.[42] undertook a study on culture-bound syndromes and reported that 76.7% of the sample had DS followed by possession syndrome and Koro (a genital-related anxiety among males in South-East Asia). Priyadarshi and Verma[43] performed a study in Urology Department of S M S Hospital, Jaipur, India.

They conducted the study among 110 male patients who complained of DS and majority of them were living alone (54.5%) or in nuclear family (30%) as compared to joint family. Furthermore, 60% of them reported of never having experienced sex.Nakra et al.[44] investigated incidence and clinical features of 150 consecutive patients who presented with potency complaints in their clinic. Clinical assessments were done apart from detailed sexual history. The patients were 15–50 years of age, educated up to mid-school and mostly from a rural background.

Most of them were married and reported premarital sexual practices, while nearly 67% of them practiced masturbation from early age. There was significant guilt associated with nocturnal emissions and masturbation. Nearly 27% of the cases reported DS-like symptoms attributing their health problems to semen loss.Behere and Nataraj[45] reported that majority of the patients with DS presented with comorbidities of physical weakness, anxiety, headache, sad mood, loss of appetite, impotence, and premature ejaculation. The authors stated that DS in India is a symptom complex commonly found in younger age groups (16–23 years).

The study subjects presented with complaints of whitish discharge in urine and believed that the loss of semen through masturbation was the reason for DS and weakness.Singh et al.[46] studied 50 cases with DS and sexual problems (premature ejaculation and impotence) from Punjab, India, after exclusion of those who were psychiatrically ill. It was assumed in the study that semen loss is considered synonymous to “loss of something precious”, hence its loss would be associated with low mood and grief. Impotency (24%), premature ejaculation (14%), and “Dhat” in urine (40%) were the common complaints observed. Patients reported variety of symptoms including anxiety, depression, appetite loss, sleep problems, bodily pains, and headache.

More than half of the patients were independently diagnosed with depression, and hence, the authors argued that DS may be a manifestation of depressive disorders.Bhatia and Malik[47] reported that the most common complaints associated with DS were physical weakness, fatigue and palpitation, insomnia, sad mood, headache, guilt feeling and suicidal ideation, impotence, and premature ejaculation. Psychiatric disorders were found in 69% of the patients, out of which the most common was depression followed by anxiety, psychosis, and phobia. About 15% of the patients were found to have premature ejaculation and 8% had impotence.Bhatia et al.[48] examined several biological variables of DS after enrolment of 40 patients in a psychosexual clinic in Delhi. Patients had a history of impotence, premature ejaculation, and loss of semen (after exclusion of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders).

Twenty years was the mean age of onset and semen loss was mainly through masturbation and sexual intercourse. 67.5% and 75% of them reported sexual disorders and psychiatric comorbidity while 25%, 12.5%, and 37.5% were recorded to suffer from ejaculatory impotence, premature ejaculation, and depression (with anxiety), respectively.Bhatia[49] conducted a study on CBS among 60 patients attending psychiatric outdoor in a teaching hospital. The study revealed that among all patients with CBSs, DS was the most common (76.7%) followed by possession syndrome (13.3%) and Koro (5%). Hypochondriasis, sexually transmitted diseases, and depression were the associated comorbidities.

Morrone et al.[50] studied 18 male patients with DS in the Dermatology department who were from Bangladesh and India. The symptoms observed were mainly fatigue and nonspecific somatic symptoms. DS patients manifested several symptoms in psychosocial, religious, somatic, and other domains. The reasons provided by the patients for semen loss were urinary loss, nocturnal emission, and masturbation.

Dhat Syndrome. The Epidemiology The typical demographic profile of a DS patient has been reported to be a less educated, young male from lower socioeconomic status and usually from rural areas. In the earlier Indian studies by Carstairs,[51],[52],[53] it was observed that majority of the cases (52%–66.7%) were from rural areas, belonged to “conservative families and posed rigid views about sex” (69%-73%). De Silva and Dissanayake[8] in their study on semen loss syndrome reported the average age of onset of DS to be 25 years with most of them from lower-middle socioeconomic class.

Chadda and Ahuja[9] studied young psychiatric patients who complained of semen loss. They were mainly manual laborers, farmers, and clerks from low socioeconomic status. More than half were married and mostly uneducated. Khan[13] studied DS patients in Pakistan and reported that majority of the patients visited Hakims (50%) and Homeopaths (24%) for treatment.

The age range was wide between 12 and 65 years with an average age of 24 years. Among those studied, majority were unmarried (75%), literacy was up to matriculation and they belonged to lower socioeconomic class. Grover et al.[15] in their study of 780 male subjects showed the average age of onset to be 28.14 years and the age ranged between 21 and 30 years (55.3%). The subjects were single or unmarried (51.0%) and married (46.7%).

About 23.5% of the subjects had graduated and most were unemployed (73.5%). Majority of subjects were lower-middle class (34%) and had lower incomes. Rao[17] studied 907 subjects, in which majority were from 18 to 30 years (44.5%). About 45.80% of the study subjects were illiterates and very few had completed postgraduation.

The subjects were both married and single. Majority of the subjects were residing in nuclear family (61.30%) and only 0.30% subjects were residing alone. Most of the patients did not have comorbid addictive disorders. The subjects were mainly engaged in agriculture (43.40%).

Majority of the subjects were from lower middle and upper lower socioeconomic class.Shakya[20] had studied the sociodemographic profile of 50 patients with DS. The average age of the studied patients was 25.4 years. The age ranges in decreasing order of frequency were 16–20 years (34%) followed by 21–25 years (28%), greater than 30 years (26%), 26–30 years (10%), and 11–15 years (2%). Further, the subjects were mostly students (50%) and rest were in service (26%), farmers (14%), laborers (6%), and business (4%), respectively.

Dhikav et al.[31] conducted a study on 30 patients who had attended the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary care hospital with complaints of frequently passing semen in urine. In the studied patients, the age ranged between 20 and 40 years with an average age of 29 years and average age of onset of 19 years. The average duration of illness was that of 11 months. Most of the studied patients were unmarried (64.2%) and educated till middle or high school (70%).

Priyadarshi and Verma[43] performed a study in 110 male patients with DS. The average age of the patients was 23.53 years and it ranged between 15 and 68 years. The most affected age group of patients was of 18–25 years, which comprised about 60% of patients. On the other hand, about 25% ranged between 25 and 35 years, 10% were lesser than 18 years of age, and 5.5% patients were aged >35 years.

Higher percentage of the patients were unmarried (70%). Interestingly, high prevalence of DS was found in educated patients and about 50% of patients were graduate or above but most of the patients were either unemployed or student (49.1%). About 55% and 24.5% patients showed monthly family income of <10,000 and 5000 Indian Rupees (INR), respectively. Two-third patients belonged to rural areas of residence.

Behere and Nataraj[45] found majority of the patients with DS (68%) to be between 16 and 25 years age. About 52% patients were married while 48% were unmarried and from lower socioeconomic strata. The duration of DS symptoms varied widely. Singh[46] studied patients those who reported with DS, impotence, and premature ejaculation and reported the average age of the affected to be 21.8 years with a younger age of onset.

Only a few patients received higher education. Bhatia and Malik[47] as mentioned earlier reported that age at the time of onset of DS ranged from 16 to 24 years. More than half of them were single. It was observed that most patients had some territorial education (91.67%) but few (8.33%) had postgraduate education or professional training.

Finally, Bhatia et al.[48] studied cases of sexual dysfunctions and reported an average age of 21.6 years among the affected, majority being unmarried (80%). Most of those who had comorbid DS symptoms received minimal formal education. Management. A Multimodal Approach As mentioned before, individuals affected with DS often seek initial treatment with traditional healers, practitioners of alternative medicine, and local quacks.

As a consequence, varied treatment strategies have been popularized. Dietary supplements, protein and iron-rich diet, Vitamin B and C-complexes, antibiotics, multivitamin injections, herbal “supplements,” etc., have all been used in the treatment though scientific evidence related to them is sparse.[33] Frequent change of doctors, irregular compliance to treatment, and high dropout from health care are the major challenges, as the attributional beliefs toward DS persist in the majority even after repeated reassurance.[54] A multidisciplinary approach (involving psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric social workers) is recommended and close liaison with the general physicians, the Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy practitioners, dermatologists, venereologists, and neurologists often help. The role of faith healers and local counselors is vital, and it is important to integrate them into the care of DS patients, rather than side-tracking them from the system. Community awareness needs to be increased especially in primary health care for early detection and appropriate referrals.

Follow-up data show two-thirds of patients affected with DS recovering with psychoeducation and low-dose sedatives.[45] Bhatia[49] studied 60 cases of DS and reported better response to anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications compared to psychotherapy alone. Classically, the correction of attributional biases through empathy, reflective, and nonjudgmental approaches has been proposed.[38] Over the years, sex education, psychotherapy, psychoeducation, relaxation techniques, and medications have been advocated in the management of DS.[9],[55] In psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral and brief solution-focused approaches are useful to target the dysfunctional assumptions and beliefs in DS. The role of sex education is vital involving the basic understanding of sexual anatomy and physiology of sexuality. This needs to be tailored to the local terminology and beliefs.

Biofeedback has also been proposed as a treatment modality.[4] Individual stress factors that might have precipitated DS need to be addressed. A detailed outline of assessment, evaluation, and management of DS is beyond the scope of this article and has already been reported in the IPS Clinical Practice Guidelines.[56] The readers are referred to these important guidelines for a comprehensive read on management. Probably, the most important factor is to understand and resolve the sociocultural contexts in the genesis of DS in each individual. Adequate debunking of the myths related to sexuality and culturally appropriate sexual education is vital both for the prevention and treatment of DS.[56] Adequate treatment of comorbidities such as depression and anxiety often helps in reduction of symptoms, more so when the DS is considered to be a manifestation of the same.

Future of Dhat Syndrome. The Way Forward Classifications in psychiatry have always been fraught with debates and discussion such as categorical versus dimensional, biological versus evolutionary. CBS like DS forms a major area of this nosological controversy. Longitudinal stability of a diagnosis is considered to be an important part of its independent categorization.

Sameer et al.[23] followed up DS patients for 6.0 ± 3.5 years and concluded that the “pure” variety of DS is not a stable diagnostic entity. The authors rather proposed DS as a variant of somatoform disorder, with cultural explanations. The right “place” for DS in classification systems has mostly been debated and theoretically fluctuant.[14] Sridhar et al.[57] mentioned the importance of reclassifying DS from a clinically, phenomenologically, psycho-pathologically, and diagnostically valid standpoint. Although both ICD and DSM have been culturally sensitive to classification, their approach to DS has been different.

While ICD-10 considers DS under “other nonpsychotic mental disorders” (F48), DSM-V mentions it only in appendix section as “cultural concepts of distress” not assigning the condition any particular number.[12],[58] Fundamental questions have actually been raised about its separate existence altogether,[35] which further puts its diagnostic position in doubt. As discussed in the earlier sections, an alternate hypothesization of DS is a cultural variant of depression, rather than a “true syndrome.”[27] Over decades, various schools of thought have considered DS either to be a global phenomenon or a cultural “idiom” of distress in specific geographical regions or a manifestation of other primary psychiatric disorders.[59] Qualitative studies in doctors have led to marked discordance in their opinion about the validity and classificatory area of DS.[60] The upcoming ICD-11 targets to pay more importance to cultural contexts for a valid and reliable classification. However, separating the phenomenological boundaries of diseases might lead to subsetting the cultural and contextual variants in broader rubrics.[61],[62] In that way, ICD-11 might propose alternate models for distinction of CBS like DS at nosological levels.[62] It is evident that various factors include socioeconomics, acceptability, and sustainability influence global classificatory systems, and this might influence the “niche” of DS in the near future. It will be interesting to see whether it retains its diagnostic independence or gets subsumed under the broader “narrative” of depression.

In any case, uniformity of diagnosing this culturally relevant yet distressing and highly prevalent condition will remain a major area related to psychiatric research and treatment. Conclusion DS is a multidimensional psychiatric “construct” which is equally interesting and controversial. Historically relevant and symptomatically mysterious, this disorder provides unique insights into cultural contexts of human behavior and the role of misattributions, beliefs, and misinformation in sexuality. Beyond the traditional debate about its “separate” existence, the high prevalence of DS, associated comorbidities, and resultant dysfunction make it relevant for emotional and psychosexual health.

It is also treatable, and hence, the detection, understanding, and awareness become vital to its management. This oration attempts a “bird's eye” view of this CBS taking into account a holistic perspective of the available evidence so far. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic and epidemiological attributes, management, and nosological controversies are highlighted to provide a comprehensive account of DS and its relevance to mental health. More systematic and mixed methods research are warranted to unravel the enigma of this controversial yet distressing psychiatric disorder.AcknowledgmentI sincerely thank Dr.

Debanjan Banerjee (Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore) for his constant selfless support, rich academic discourse, and continued collaboration that helped me condense years of research and ideas into this paper.Financial support and sponsorshipNil.Conflicts of interestThere are no conflicts of interest. References 1.2.3.Srinivasa Murthy R, Wig NN. A man ahead of his time. In.

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Problems in medical practice. A study on its prevalence in an outpatient setting. Indian J Psychiatry 1997:Suppl 39:53. 42.Bhatia MS, Thakkur KN, Chadda RK, Shome S.

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56.Avasthi A, Grover S, Rao TS. Clinical practice guidelines for management of sexual dysfunction. Indian J Psychiatry 2017;59 Suppl 1:S91-115. 57.Kavanoor Sridhar V, Subramanian K, Menon V.

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62.Sharan P, Keeley J. Cultural perspectives related to international classification of diseases-11. Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2018;34 Suppl S1:1-4. Correspondence Address:T S Sathyanarayana RaoDepartment of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore - 570 004, Karnataka IndiaSource of Support.

None, Conflict of Interest. NoneDOI. 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_791_20.

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SAMHSA publishes guidelines, can you get kamagra without a prescription toolkit to strengthen crisis care in America's communities | SAMHSA kamagra canada buy Skip to main contentStart Preamble Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services can you get kamagra without a prescription (CMS), Health and Human Services (HHS). Final rule can you get kamagra without a prescription.

Correction. This document corrects technical and can you get kamagra without a prescription typographical errors in the final rule that appeared in the September 18, 2020 issue of the Federal Register titled “Medicare Program. Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems for Acute Care Hospitals and the Long-Term Care Hospital Prospective Payment System can you get kamagra without a prescription and Final Policy Changes and Fiscal Year 2021 Rates.

Quality Reporting and Medicare and Medicaid Promoting Interoperability Programs Requirements for Eligible Hospitals and Critical Access Hospitals” can you get kamagra without a prescription. Effective Date. This correcting document is effective can you get kamagra without a prescription on December 1, 2020.

Applicability can you get kamagra without a prescription Date. The corrections in can you get kamagra without a prescription this correcting document are applicable to discharges occurring on or after October 1, 2020. Start Further Info Donald Thompson and Michele Hudson, (410) 786-4487.

End Further Info End Preamble Start can you get kamagra without a prescription Supplemental Information I. Background In FR can you get kamagra without a prescription Doc. 2020-19637 of September 18, 2020 (85 FR 58432) there were a number of technical and typographical errors that are identified and corrected in the Correction can you get kamagra without a prescription of Errors section of this correcting document.

The corrections in this correcting document are applicable to discharges occurring on or after October 1, 2020, as if they had been included in the document that appeared in the September 18, 2020 Federal Register. II. Summary of Errors A.

Summary of Errors in the Preamble On the following pages. 58435 through 58436, 58448, 58451, 58453, 58459, 58464, 58471, 58479, 58487, 58495, 58506, 58509, 58520, 58529, 58531 through 58532, 58537, 58540 through 58541, 58553 through 58556, 58559 through 58560, 58580 through 58583, 58585 through 58588, 58596, 58599, 58603 through 58604, 58606 through 58607, 58610, 58719, 58734, 58736 through 58737, 58739, 58741, 58842, 58876, 58893, and 58898 through 58900, we are correcting inadvertent typographical errors in the internal section references. On page 58596, we are correcting an inadvertent typographical error in the date of the MedPAR data used for developing the Medicare Severity Diagnosis-Related Group (MS-DRG) relative weights.

On pages 58716 and 58717, we are correcting inadvertent errors in the ICD-10-PCS procedure codes describing the BAROSTIM NEO® System technology. On pages 58721 and 58723, we are correcting inadvertent errors in the ICD-10-PCS procedure codes describing the Cefiderocol technology. On page 58768, due to a conforming change to the Rural Floor Budget Neutrality adjustment (listed in the table titled “Summary of FY 2021 Budget Neutrality Factors” on page 59034) as discussed in section II.B.

Of this correcting document and the conforming changes to the Out-Migration Adjustment discussed in section II. D of this correcting document (with regard to Table 4A), we are correcting the 25th percentile wage index value across all hospitals. On page 59006, in the discussion of Medicare bad debt policy, we are correcting inadvertent errors in the regulatory citations and descriptions.

B. Summary of Errors in the Addendum On pages 59031 and 59037, we are correcting inadvertent typographical errors in the internal section references. We are correcting an error in the version 38 ICD-10 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data in the FY 2019 MedPAR files used in the ratesetting for the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule, which resulted in inadvertent errors in the MS-DRG relative weights (and associated average length-of-stay (LOS)).

Additionally, the version 38 MS-DRG assignment and relative weights are used when determining total payments for purposes of all of the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. As a result, the corrections to the MS-DRG assignment under the ICD-10 MS-DRG GROUPER version 38 for some cases in the historical claims data in the FY 2019 MedPAR files and the recalculation of the relative weights directly affected the calculation of total payments and required the recalculation of all the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. In addition, as discussed in section II.D.

Of this correcting document, we made updates to the calculation of Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology to reflect updated information on hospital mergers received in response to the final rule. Factor 3 determines the total amount of the uncompensated care payment a hospital is eligible to receive for a fiscal year. This hospital-specific payment amount is then used to calculate the amount of the interim uncompensated care payments a hospital receives per discharge.

Per discharge uncompensated care payments are included when determining total payments for purposes of all of the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. As a result, the revisions made to the calculation of Factor 3 to address additional merger information directly affected the calculation of total payments and required the recalculation of all the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. We made an inadvertent error in the Medicare Geographic Classification Review Board (MGCRB) reclassification status of one hospital in the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule.

Specifically, CCN 050481 is incorrectly listed in Table 2 as reclassified to its geographic “home” of CBSA 31084. The correct reclassification area is to CBSA 37100. This correction necessitated the recalculation of the FY 2021 wage index for CBSA 37100 and affected the final FY 2021 wage index with reclassification.

The final FY 2021 IPPS wage index with reclassification is used when determining total payments for purposes of all budget neutrality factors (except for the MS-DRG reclassification and recalibration budget neutrality factor and the wage index budget neutrality adjustment factor) and the final outlier threshold. Due to the correction of the combination of errors listed previously (corrections to the MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and average length of stay, revisions to Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology, and the correction to the MGCRB reclassification status of one hospital), we recalculated all IPPS budget neutrality adjustment factors, the fixed-loss cost threshold, the final wage indexes (and geographic adjustment factors (GAFs)), the national operating standardized amounts and capital Federal rate. Therefore, we made conforming changes to the following.

On page 59034, the table titled “Summary of FY 2021 Budget Neutrality Factors”. On page 59037, the estimated total Federal capital payments and the estimated capital outlier payments. On page 59040, the calculation of the outlier fixed-loss cost threshold, total operating Federal payments, total operating outlier payments, the outlier adjustment to the capital Federal rate and the related discussion of the percentage estimates of operating and capital outlier payments.

On page 59042, the table titled “Changes from FY 2020 Standardized Amounts to the FY 2021 Standardized Amounts”. On page 59039, we are correcting a typographical error in the total cases from October 1, 2018 through September 31, 2019 used to calculate the average covered charge per case, which is then used to calculate the charge inflation factor. On pages 59047 through 59048, in our discussion of the determination of the Federal hospital inpatient capital-related prospective payment rate update, due to the recalculation of the GAFs as well as corrections to the MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and average length of stay, we have made conforming corrections to the capital Federal rate, the incremental budget neutrality adjustment factor for changes in the GAFs, and the outlier threshold (as discussed previously).

As a result of these changes, we also made conforming corrections in the table showing the comparison of factors and adjustments for the FY 2020 capital Federal rate and FY 2021 capital Federal rate. As we noted in the final rule, the capital Federal rate is calculated using unrounded budget neutrality and outlier Start Printed Page 78750adjustment factors. The unrounded GAF/DRG budget neutrality factors and the unrounded outlier adjustment to the capital Federal rate were revised because of these errors.

However, after rounding these factors to 4 decimal places as displayed in the final rule, the rounded factors were unchanged from the final rule. On page 59057, we are making conforming changes to the fixed-loss amount for FY 2021 site neutral payment rate discharges, and the high cost outlier (HCO) threshold (based on the corrections to the IPPS fixed-loss amount discussed previously). On pages 59060 and 59061, we are making conforming corrections to the national adjusted operating standardized amounts and capital standard Federal payment rate (which also include the rates payable to hospitals located in Puerto Rico) in Tables 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D as a result of the conforming corrections to certain budget neutrality factors and the outlier threshold previously described.

C. Summary of Errors in the Appendices On pages 59062, 59070, 59074 through 59076, and 59085 we are correcting inadvertent typographical errors in the internal section references. On pages 59064 through 59071, 59073 and 59074, and 59092 and 59093, in our regulatory impact analyses, we have made conforming corrections to the factors, values, and tables and accompanying discussion of the changes in operating and capital IPPS payments for FY 2021 and the effects of certain IPPS budget neutrality factors as a result of the technical errors that lead to changes in our calculation of the operating and capital IPPS budget neutrality factors, outlier threshold, final wage indexes, operating standardized amounts, and capital Federal rate (as described in section II.B.

Of this correcting document). These conforming corrections include changes to the following tables. On pages 59065 through 59069, the table titled “Table I—Impact Analysis of Changes to the IPPS for Operating Costs for FY 2021”.

On pages 59073 and 59074, the table titled “Table II—Impact Analysis of Changes for FY 2021 Acute Care Hospital Operating Prospective Payment System (Payments per discharge)”. On pages 59092 and 59093, the table titled “Table III—Comparison of Total Payments per Case [FY 2020 Payments Compared to Final FY 2021 payments]”. On pages 59076 through 59079, we are correcting the discussion of the “Effects of the Changes to Uncompensated Care Payments for FY 2021” for purposes of the Regulatory Impact Analysis in Appendix A of the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule, including the table titled “Modeled Uncompensated Care Payments for Estimated FY 2021 DSHs by Hospital Type.

Uncompensated Care Payments ($ in Millions)*—from FY 2020 to FY 2021” on pages 59077 and 59078, in light of the corrections discussed in section II.D. Of this correcting document. D.

Summary of Errors in and Corrections to Files and Tables Posted on the CMS Website We are correcting the errors in the following IPPS tables that are listed on pages 59059 and 59060 of the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule and are available on the internet on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Medicare/​Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/​AcuteInpatientPPS/​index.html. The tables that are available on the internet have been updated to reflect the revisions discussed in this correcting document. Table 2—Case-Mix Index and Wage Index Table by CCN-FY 2021 Final Rule.

As discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document, CCN 050481 is incorrectly listed as reclassified to its home geographic area of CBSA 31084. In this table, we are correcting the columns titled “Wage Index Payment CBSA” and “MGCRB Reclass” to accurately reflect its reclassification to CBSA 37100.

This correction necessitated the recalculation of the FY 2021 wage index for CBSA 37100. Also, the corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and ALOS, corrections to Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology, and recalculation of all of the budget neutrality adjustments (as discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document) necessitated the recalculation of the rural floor budget neutrality factor which is the only budget neutrality factor applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes.

Because the rural floor budget neutrality factor is applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes, we are making corresponding changes to the wage indexes listed in Table 2. In addition, as also discussed later in this section, because the wage indexes are one of the inputs used to determine the out-migration adjustment, some of the out migration adjustments changed. Therefore, we are making corresponding changes to some of the out-migration adjustments listed in Table 2.

Also, as discussed in section II.A of this correcting document, we made a conforming change to the 25th percentile wage index value across all hospitals. Accordingly, we are making corresponding changes to the values for hospitals in the columns titled “FY 2021 Wage Index Prior to Quartile and Transition”, “FY 2021 Wage Index With Quartile”, “FY 2021 Wage Index With Quartile and Cap” and “Out-Migration Adjustment”. We also updated footnote number 6 to reflect the conforming change to the 25th percentile wage index value across all hospitals.

Table 3.—Wage Index Table by CBSA—FY 2021 Final Rule. As discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document, CCN 050481 is incorrectly listed in Table 2 as reclassified to its home geographic area of CBSA 31084 instead of reclassified to CBSA 37100.

This correction necessitated the recalculation of the FY 2021 wage index for CBSA 37100. Also, corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and ALOS, corrections to Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology, and the recalculation of all of the budget neutrality adjustments (as discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document) necessitated the recalculation of the rural floor budget neutrality factor which is the only budget neutrality factor applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes.

Because the rural floor budget neutrality factor is applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes, we are making corresponding changes to the wage indexes and GAFs of all CBSAs listed in Table 3. Specifically, we are correcting the values and flags in the columns titled “Wage Index”, “GAF”, “Reclassified Wage Index”, “Reclassified GAF”, “State Rural Floor”, “Eligible for Rural Floor Wage Index”, “Pre-Frontier and/or Pre-Rural Floor Wage Index”, “Reclassified Wage Index Eligible for Frontier Wage Index”, “Reclassified Wage Index Eligible for Rural Floor Wage Index”, and “Reclassified Wage Index Pre-Frontier and/or Pre-Rural Floor”. Table 4A.— List of Counties Eligible for the Out-Migration Adjustment under Section 1886(d)(13) of the Act—FY 2021 Final Rule.

As discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document, CCN 050481 is incorrectly listed in Table 2 as reclassified to its home geographic area of CBSA 31084 instead of reclassified to CBSA 37100. This correction necessitated the recalculation of the FY 2021 wage index for CBSA 37100.

Also, corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases Start Printed Page 78751in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and ALOS, corrections to Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology, and the recalculation of all of the budget neutrality adjustments (as discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document) necessitated the recalculation of the rural floor budget neutrality factor which is the only budget neutrality factor applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes. As a result, as discussed previously, we are making corresponding changes to the FY 2021 wage indexes.

Because the wage indexes are one of the inputs used to determine the out-migration adjustment, some of the out migration adjustments changed. Therefore, we are making corresponding changes to some of the out-migration adjustments listed in Table 4A. Specifically, we are correcting the values in the column titled “FY 2021 Out Migration Adjustment”.

Table 5.—List of Medicare Severity Diagnosis-Related Groups (MS-DRGs), Relative Weighting Factors, and Geometric and Arithmetic Mean Length of Stay—FY 2021. We are correcting this table to reflect the recalculation of the relative weights, geometric average length-of-stay (LOS), and arithmetic mean LOS as a result of the corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data used in the calculations (as discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document).

Table 7B.—Medicare Prospective Payment System Selected Percentile Lengths of Stay. FY 2019 MedPAR Update—March 2020 GROUPER Version 38 MS-DRGs. We are correcting this table to reflect the recalculation of the relative weights, geometric average LOS, and arithmetic mean LOS as a result of the corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data used in the calculations (as discussed in section II.B.

Of this correcting document). Table 18.—FY 2021 Medicare DSH Uncompensated Care Payment Factor 3. For the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule, we published a list of hospitals that we identified to be subsection (d) hospitals and subsection (d) Puerto Rico hospitals projected to be eligible to receive uncompensated care interim payments for FY 2021.

As stated in the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule (85 FR 58834 and 58835), we allowed the public an additional period after the issuance of the final rule to review and submit comments on the accuracy of the list of mergers that we identified in the final rule. Based on the comments received during this additional period, we are updating this table to reflect the merger information received in response to the final rule and to revise the Factor 3 calculations for purposes of determining uncompensated care payments for the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule. We are revising Factor 3 for all hospitals to reflect the updated merger information received in response to the final rule.

We are also revising the amount of the total uncompensated care payment calculated for each DSH-eligible hospital. The total uncompensated care payment that a hospital receives is used to calculate the amount of the interim uncompensated care payments the hospital receives per discharge. Accordingly, we have also revised these amounts for all DSH-eligible hospitals.

These corrections will be reflected in Table 18 and the Medicare DSH Supplemental Data File. Per discharge uncompensated care payments are included when determining total payments for purposes of all of the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. As a result, these corrections to uncompensated care payments impacted the calculation of all the budget neutrality factors as well as the outlier fixed-loss cost threshold.

In section IV.C. Of this correcting document, we have made corresponding revisions to the discussion of the “Effects of the Changes to Medicare DSH and Uncompensated Care Payments for FY 2021” for purposes of the Regulatory Impact Analysis in Appendix A of the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule to reflect the corrections discussed previously and to correct minor typographical errors. The files that are available on the internet have been updated to reflect the corrections discussed in this correcting document.

III. Waiver of Proposed Rulemaking, 60-Day Comment Period, and Delay in Effective Date Under 5 U.S.C. 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), the agency is required to publish a notice of the proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register before the provisions of a rule take effect.

Similarly, section 1871(b)(1) of the Act requires the Secretary to provide for notice of the proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register and provide a period of not less than 60 days for public comment. In addition, section 553(d) of the APA, and section 1871(e)(1)(B)(i) of the Act mandate a 30-day delay in effective date after issuance or publication of a rule. Sections 553(b)(B) and 553(d)(3) of the APA provide for exceptions from the notice and comment and delay in effective date APA requirements.

In cases in which these exceptions apply, sections 1871(b)(2)(C) and 1871(e)(1)(B)(ii) of the Act provide exceptions from the notice and 60-day comment period and delay in effective date requirements of the Act as well. Section 553(b)(B) of the APA and section 1871(b)(2)(C) of the Act authorize an agency to dispense with normal rulemaking requirements for good cause if the agency makes a finding that the notice and comment process are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest. In addition, both section 553(d)(3) of the APA and section 1871(e)(1)(B)(ii) of the Act allow the agency to avoid the 30-day delay in effective date where such delay is contrary to the public interest and an agency includes a statement of support.

We believe that this correcting document does not constitute a rule that would be subject to the notice and comment or delayed effective date requirements. This document corrects technical and typographical errors in the preamble, addendum, payment rates, tables, and appendices included or referenced in the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule, but does not make substantive changes to the policies or payment methodologies that were adopted in the final rule. As a result, this correcting document is intended to ensure that the information in the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule accurately reflects the policies adopted in that document.

In addition, even if this were a rule to which the notice and comment procedures and delayed effective date requirements applied, we find that there is good cause to waive such requirements. Undertaking further notice and comment procedures to incorporate the corrections in this document into the final rule or delaying the effective date would be contrary to the public interest because it is in the public's interest for providers to receive appropriate payments in as timely a manner as possible, and to ensure that the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule accurately reflects our policies. Furthermore, such procedures would be unnecessary, as we are not altering our payment methodologies or policies, but rather, we are simply implementing correctly the methodologies and policies that we previously proposed, requested comment on, and subsequently finalized.

This correcting document is intended solely to ensure that the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule accurately reflects these payment methodologies and policies. Therefore, we believe we have good cause to waive Start Printed Page 78752the notice and comment and effective date requirements. Moreover, even if these corrections were considered to be retroactive rulemaking, they would be authorized under section 1871(e)(1)(A)(ii) of the Act, which permits the Secretary to issue a rule for the Medicare program with retroactive effect if the failure to do so would be contrary to the public interest.

As we have explained previously, we believe it would be contrary to the public interest not to implement the corrections in this correcting document because it is in the public's interest for providers to receive appropriate payments in as timely a manner as possible, and to ensure that the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule accurately reflects our policies. IV. Correction of Errors In FR Doc.

2020-19637 of September 18, 2020 (85 FR 58432), we are making the following corrections. A. Corrections of Errors in the Preamble 1.

On page 58435, third column, third full paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. 2. On page 58436, first column, first full paragraph, line 10, the reference, “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”.

3. On page 58448, lower half of the page, second column, first partial paragraph, lines 19 and 20, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 4.

On page 58451, first column, first full paragraph, line 12, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. 5. On page 58453, third column, third full paragraph, line 13, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”.

6. On page 58459, first column, fourth paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 7.

On page 58464, bottom quarter of the page, second column, partial paragraph, lines 4 and 5, the phrase “and section II.E.15. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “and this final rule,”. 8.

On page 58471, first column, first partial paragraph, lines 12 and 13, the reference, “section II.E.15.” is corrected to read “section II.D.15.”. 9. On page 58479, first column, first partial paragraph.

A. Line 6, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. B.

Line 15, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 10. On page 58487, first column, first full paragraph, lines 20 through 21, the reference, “section II.E.12.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.12.b.”.

11. On page 58495, middle of the page, third column, first full paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 12.

On page 58506. A. Top half of the page, second column, first full paragraph, line 8, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”.

B. Bottom half of the page. (1) First column, first paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”.

(2) Second column, third full paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 13. On page 58509.

A. First column, last paragraph, last line, the reference, “section II.E.2.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.”. B.

Third column, last paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 14. On page 58520, second column, second full paragraph, line 22, the reference, “section II.E.11.” is corrected to read “section II.D.11.”.

15. On page 58529, bottom half of the page, first column, last paragraph, lines 11 and 12, the reference, “section II.E.12.a.” is corrected to read “section II.D.12.a.”. 16.

On page 58531. A. Top of the page, second column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.4.” is corrected to read “section II.D.4.”.

B. Bottom of the page, first column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. 17.

On page 58532, top of the page, second column, first partial paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.4.” is corrected to read “section II.D.4.”. 18. On page 58537.

A. Second column, last paragraph, line 6, the reference, “section II.E.11.c.5.” is corrected to read “section II.D.11.c.(5).”. B.

Third column, fifth paragraph. (1) Lines 8 and 9, the reference, “section II.E.11.c.1.” is corrected to read “section II.D.11.c.(1).”. (2) Line 29, the reference, “section II.E.11.c.1.” is corrected to read “section II.D.11.c.(1).”.

19. On page 58540, first column, first partial paragraph, line 19, the reference, “section II.E.13.” is corrected to read “section II.D.13.”. 20.

On page 58541, second column, first partial paragraph, lines 9 and 10, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 21. On page 58553, second column, third full paragraph, line 20, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”.

22. On page 58554, first column, fifth full paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.E.13.” is corrected to read “section II.D.13.”. 23.

On page 58555, second column, fifth full paragraph, lines 8 and 9, the reference, “section II.E.13.” is corrected to read “section II.D.13.”. 24. On page 58556.

A. First column, first partial paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. B.

Second column, first full paragraph. (1) Line 6, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. (2) Line 38, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”.

25. On page 58559, bottom half of the page, third column, first full paragraph, line 21, the reference, “section II.E.12.c.” is corrected to read “section II.D.12.c.”. 26.

On page 58560, first column, first full paragraph, line 14, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. 27. On page 58580, third column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 28. On page 58581.

A. Middle of the page. (1) First column, first paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. (2) Third column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

B. Bottom of the page, third column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

Middle of the page. (1) First column, first paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

(2) Third column, first full paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. B.

Bottom of the page, second column, first full paragraph, lines 2 and 3, the reference, “in section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 30.

On page 58583. A. Top of the page, second column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, Start Printed Page 78753“section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. B. Bottom of the page.

(1) First column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “in section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. (2) Third column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 31. On page 58585, top of the page, third column, last paragraph, lines 3 and 4, the reference, “in section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 32. On page 58586.

A. Second column, last partial paragraph, line 4, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. B.

Third column. (1) First partial paragraph. (a) Lines 12 and 13, the reference, “in section II.E.2.b.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. (b) Lines 20 and 21, the reference, “in section II.E.8.a. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

(2) Last partial paragraph. (a) Line 3, the reference, “section II.E.4. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

(b) Line 38, the reference, “section II.E.7.b. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 33.

On page 58587. A. Top of the page, second column, partial paragraph, line 7, the reference, “section II.E.8.a.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. B. Bottom of the page.

(1) Second column, last partial paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. (2) Third column, first partial paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.E.8.a.” is corrected to read “section II.D.8.a.”. 34.

On page 58588, first column. A. First full paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.4.” is corrected to read “section II.D.4.”.

B. Third full paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.7.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.7.b.”. C.

Fifth full paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.8.a.” is corrected to read “section II.D.8.a.”. 35. On page 58596.

A. First column. (1) First full paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.E.5.a.” is corrected to read “section II.D.5.a.”.

(2) Last paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. C. Second column, first full paragraph, line 14, the date “March 31, 2019” is corrected to read “March 31, 2020”.

36. On page 58599, first column, second full paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 37.

On page 58603, first column. A. First partial paragraph, line 13, the reference, “section II.G.1.a.(2).b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.a.(2).b.”.

B. Last partial paragraph, line 21, the reference, “section II.G.1.a.(2).b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.a.(2).b.”. 38.

On page 58604, third column, first partial paragraph, line 38, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 39. On page 58606.

A. First column, second partial paragraph, line 13, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. B.

Second column. (1) First partial paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. (2) First full paragraph.

(a) Line 29, the reference, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”. (b) Line 36, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”. E.

Third column, first full paragraph. (1) Lines 4 and 5, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read section “II.F.9.b.”. (2) Line 13, the reference “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”.

First column, first full paragraph. (1) Line 7, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. (2) Line 13, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”.

C. Second column, first partial paragraph. (1) Line 20, the reference, “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”.

(2) Line 33, the reference, “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”. 41. On page 58610.

A. Second column, last partial paragraph, lines 1 and 16, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. B.

Third column, first partial paragraph. (1) Line 6, the reference, “section II.G.1.a.(2).b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.a.(2)b.” (2) Lines 20 and 21, the reference, “section II.G.1.a.(2)b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.a.(2)b.”. 42.

On page 58716, first column, second full paragraph, lines 14 through 19, the phrase, “with 03HK0MZ (Insertion of stimulator lead into right internal carotid artery, open approach) or 03HL0MZ (Insertion of stimulator lead into left internal carotid artery, open approach)” is corrected to read “with 03HK3MZ (Insertion of stimulator lead into right internal carotid artery, percutaneous approach) or 03HL3MZ (Insertion of stimulator lead into left internal carotid artery, percutaneous approach).”. 43. On page 58717, first column, first partial paragraph, line 5, the phrase, “with 03HK0MZ or 03HL0MZ” is corrected to read “with 03HK3MZ or 03HL3MZ.” 44.

On page 58719. A. First column, last partial paragraph, line 12, the reference, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”.

B. Third column, first partial paragraph, line 15, the reference, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”. 45.

On page 58721, third column, second full paragraph, line 17, the phrase, “XW03366 or XW04366” is corrected to read “XW033A6 (Introduction of cefiderocol anti-infective into peripheral vein, percutaneous approach, new technology group 6) or XW043A6 (Introduction of cefiderocol anti-infective into central vein, percutaneous approach, new technology group 6).”. 46. On page 58723, second column, first partial paragraph, line 14, the phrase, “procedure codes XW03366 or XW04366” is corrected to read “procedure codes XW033A6 or XW043A6.” 47.

On page 58734, third column, second full paragraph, line 26, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. 48. On page 58736, second column, first full paragraph, line 27, the reference, “II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “II.F.9.b.”.

49. On page 58737, third column, first partial paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.G.1.d.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.d.”. 50.

On page 58739, third column, first full paragraph, line 21, the reference, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”. 51. On page 58741, third column, second partial paragraph, line 17, the reference, “section II.G.9.a.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.a.”.Start Printed Page 78754 52.

On page 58768, third column, first partial paragraph, line 3, the figure “0.8465” is corrected to read “0.8469”. 53. On page 58842, second column, first full paragraph, lines 19 and 35, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”.

54. On page 58876, first column, first full paragraph, line 18, the reference, “section II.E.” is corrected to read “section II.D.”. 55.

On page 58893, first column, second full paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 56. On page 58898, third column, first full paragraph, line 9, the reference, “section II.E.” is corrected to read “section II.D.”.

57. On page 58899, third column, first full paragraph, line 24, the reference, “section II.E.1.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.”. 58.

On page 58900, first column, third paragraph, line 26, the reference, “section II.E.” is corrected to read “section II.D.”. 59. On page 59006, second column, second full paragraph.

A. Line 4, the regulation citation, “(c)(3)(i)” is corrected to read “(c)(1)(ii)”. B.

Line 12, the regulation citation, “(c)(3)(ii)” is corrected to read “(c)(2)(ii)”. C. Lines 17 and 18, the phrase “charged to an uncollectible receivables account” is corrected to read, “recorded as an implicit price concession”.

B. Correction of Errors in the Addendum 1. On page 59031.

A. First column. (1) First full paragraph, line 7, the reference, “section “II.G.” is corrected to read “section II.E.”.

(2) Second partial paragraph, lines 26 and 27, the reference, “section II.G.” is corrected to read “section II.E.”. B. Second column, first partial paragraph.

(1) Line 5, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. (2) Line 22, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 2.

On page 59034, at the top of the page, the table titled “Summary of FY 2021 Budget Neutrality Factors” is corrected to read. 3. On page 59037, second column.

A. First full paragraph, line 4, the phrase “(estimated capital outlier payments of $429,431,834 divided by (estimated capital outlier payments of $429,431,834 plus the estimated total capital Federal payment of $7,577,697,269))” is corrected to read. €œ(estimated capital outlier payments of $429,147,874 divided by (estimated capital outlier payments of $429,147,874 plus the estimated total capital Federal payment of $7,577,975,637))” b.

Last partial paragraph, line 8, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 4. On page 59039, third column, last paragraph, lines 18 and 19, the phrase “9,519,120 cases” is corrected to “9,221,466 cases”.

Top of the page, third column. (1) First partial paragraph. (a) Line 9, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”.

(b) Line 11, the figure “$4,955,813,978” is corrected to read “$4,951,017,650” (c) Line 12, the figure “$92,027,177,037” is corrected to read “$91,937,666,182”. (d) Line 26, the figure “$29,108” is corrected to read “$29,121”. Start Printed Page 78755 (e) Line 33, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”.

(2) First full paragraph, line 11, the phrase “threshold for FY 2021 (which reflects our” is corrected to read “threshold for FY 2021 of $29,064 (which reflects our”. B. Bottom of the page, the untitled table is corrected to read as follows.

6. On pages 59042, the table titled “CHANGES FROM FY 2020 STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS TO THE FY 2021 STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS” is corrected to read as follows. Start Printed Page 78756 7.

(1) Second full paragraph, line 43, the figure “0.9984” is corrected to read “0.9983”. (2) Last paragraph. (a) Line 17, the figure “0.9984” is corrected to read “0.9983”.

(b) Line 18, the figure “0.9984” is corrected to read “0.9983”. B. Third column.

(1) Third paragraph, line 4, the figure “0.9984” is corrected to read “0.9983”. (2) Last paragraph, line 9, the figure “$466.22” is corrected to read “$466.21”. 8.

On page 59048. A. The chart titled “COMPARISON OF FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS.

FY 2020 CAPITAL FEDERAL RATE AND THE FY 2021 CAPITAL FEDERAL RATE” is corrected to read as follows. b. Lower half of the page, first column, second full paragraph, last line, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”.

9. On page 59057, second column, second full paragraph. A.

Line 11, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”. B. Last line, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”.

10. On page 59060, the table titled “TABLE 1A—NATIONAL ADJUSTED OPERATING STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS, LABOR/NONLABOR (68.3 PERCENT LABOR SHARE/31.7 PERCENT NONLABOR SHARE IF WAGE INDEX IS GREATER THAN 1) —FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows. 11.

On page 59061, top of the page. A. The table titled “TABLE 1B—NATIONAL ADJUSTED OPERATING STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS, LABOR/NONLABOR (62 PERCENT LABOR SHARE/38 PERCENT NONLABOR SHARE IF WAGE INDEX IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 1)—FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows.

Start Printed Page 78757 b. The table titled “Table 1C—ADJUSTED OPERATING STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS FOR HOSPITALS IN PUERTO RICO, LABOR/NONLABOR (NATIONAL. 62 PERCENT LABOR SHARE/38 PERCENT NONLABOR SHARE BECAUSE WAGE INDEX IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 1)—FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows.

c. The table titled “TABLE 1D—CAPITAL STANDARD FEDERAL PAYMENT RATE—FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows. C.

Corrections of Errors in the Appendices 1. On page 59062, first column, second full paragraph. A.

Line 9, the reference “sections II.G.5. And 6.” is corrected to read “sections II.F.5. And 6.” b.

Line 11, the reference “section II.G.6.” is corrected to read “section II.F.6.” 3. On page 59064, third column, second full paragraph, last line, the figures “2,049, and 1,152” are corrected to read “2,050 and 1,151”. 4.

On page 59065 through 59069, the table and table notes for the table titled “TABLE I.—IMPACT ANALYSIS OF CHANGES TO THE IPPS FOR OPERATING COSTS FOR FY 2021” are corrected to read as follows. Start Printed Page 78758 Start Printed Page 78759 Start Printed Page 78760 Start Printed Page 78761 Start Printed Page 78762 5. On page 59070.

(a) Line 1, the reference, “section II.E.” is corrected to read “section II.D.”. (b) Line 11, the section reference “II.G.” is corrected to read “II.E.”. (2) Fourth full paragraph, line 6, the figure “0.99798” is corrected to read “0.997975”.

B. Third column, first full paragraph, line 26, the figure “1.000426” is corrected to read “1.000447”. 6.

On page 59071, lower half of the page. A. First column, third full paragraph, line 6, the figure “0.986583” is corrected to read “0.986616”.

B. Second column, second full paragraph, line 5, the figure “0.993433” is corrected to read “0.993446”. C.

Third column, first partial paragraph, line 2, the figure “0.993433” is corrected to read “0.993446”. 7. On page 59073 and 59074, the table titled “TABLE II.—IMPACT ANALYSIS OF CHANGES FOR FY 2021 ACUTE CARE HOSPITAL OPERATING PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM (PAYMENTS PER DISCHARGE)” is corrected to read as follows.

Start Printed Page 78763 Start Printed Page 78764 Start Printed Page 78765 8. On page 59074, bottom of the page, second column, last partial paragraph, line 1, the reference “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. 9.

(1) First full paragraph, line 1, the reference “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”. (2) Last partial paragraph. (i) Line 1, the reference “section II.G.4.” is corrected to read “section II.F.4.”.

(ii) Line 11, the reference “section II.G.4.” is corrected to read “section II.F.4.”. B. Third column.

(1) First full paragraph. (i) Line 1, the reference “sections II.G.5. And 6.” is corrected to read “sections II.F.5.

And 6.”. (ii) Line 12, the reference “section II.H.6.” is corrected to read “section II.F.6.”. (2) Last paragraph, line 1, the reference “section II.G.6.” is corrected to read “section II.F.6.”.

10. On page 59076, first column, first partial paragraph, lines 2 and 3, the reference “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”. 11.

On pages 59077 and 59078 the table titled “Modeled Uncompensated Care Payments for Estimated FY 2021 DSHs by Hospital Type. Uncompensated Care Payments ($ in Millions)—from FY 2020 to FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows. Start Printed Page 78766 Start Printed Page 78767 12.

On pages 59078 and 59079 in the section titled “Effects of the Changes to Uncompensated Care Payments for FY 2021”, the section's language (beginning with the phrase “Rural hospitals, in general, are projected to experience” and ending with the sentence “Hospitals with greater than 65 percent Medicare utilization are projected to receive an increase of 0.62 percent.”) is corrected to read as follows. €œRural hospitals, in general, are projected to experience larger decreases in uncompensated care payments than their urban counterparts. Overall, rural hospitals are projected to receive a 7.19 percent decrease in uncompensated care payments, while urban hospitals are projected to receive a 0.29 percent decrease in uncompensated care payments.

However, hospitals in large urban areas are projected to receive a 0.75 percent increase in uncompensated care payments and hospitals in other urban areas a 1.94 percent decrease. By bed size, smaller rural hospitals are projected to receive the largest decreases in uncompensated care payments. Rural hospitals with 0-99 beds are projected to receive a 9.46 percent payment decrease, and rural hospitals with 100-249 beds are projected to receive a 7.44 percent decrease.

These decreases for smaller rural hospitals are greater than the overall hospital average. However, larger rural hospitals with 250+ beds are projected to receive a 7.64 percent payment increase. In contrast, the smallest urban hospitals (0-99 beds) are projected to receive an increase in uncompensated care payments of 2.61 percent, while urban hospitals with 100-249 beds are projected to receive a decrease of 1.05 percent, and larger urban hospitals with 250+ beds are projected to receive a 0.18 percent decrease in uncompensated care payments, which is less than the overall hospital average.

By region, rural hospitals are expected to receive larger than average decreases in uncompensated care payments in all Regions, except for rural hospitals in the Pacific Region, which are projected to receive an increase in uncompensated care payments of 9.14 percent. Urban hospitals are projected to receive a more varied range of payment changes. Urban hospitals in the New England, the Middle Atlantic, West South Central, and Mountain Regions, as well as urban hospitals in Puerto Rico, are projected to receive larger than average decreases in uncompensated care payments, while urban hospitals in the South Atlantic, East North Central, East South Central, West North Central, and Pacific Regions are projected to receive increases in uncompensated care payments.

By payment classification, hospitals in urban areas overall are expected to receive a 0.18 percent increase in uncompensated care payments, with hospitals in large urban areas expected to see an increase in uncompensated care payments of 1.15 percent, while hospitals in other urban areas are expected to receive a decrease of 1.60 percent. In contrast, hospitals in rural areas are projected to receive a decrease in uncompensated care payments of 3.18 percent. Nonteaching hospitals are projected to receive a payment decrease of 0.99 percent, teaching hospitals with fewer than 100 residents are projected to receive a payment decrease of 0.83 percent, and teaching hospitals with 100+ residents have a projected payment decrease of 0.41 percent.

All of these decreases are consistent with the overall hospital average. Proprietary and government hospitals are projected to receive larger than average decreases of 2.42 and 1.14 percent respectively, while voluntary hospitals are expected to receive a payment decrease of 0.03 percent. Hospitals with less than 50 percent Medicare utilization are projected to receive decreases in uncompensated care payments consistent with the overall hospital average percent change, while hospitals with 50 to 65 percent Medicare utilization are projected to receive a larger than average decrease of 4.12 percent.

Hospitals with greater than 65 percent Medicare utilization are projected to receive an increase of 0.80 percent.” 13. On page 59085, lower half of the page, second column, last partial paragraph, line 20, the section reference “II.H.” is corrected to read “IV.H.”. 14.

On pages 59092 and 59093, the table titled “TABLE III.—COMPARISON OF TOTAL PAYMENTS PER CASE [FY 2020 PAYMENTS COMPARED TO FINAL FY 2021 PAYMENTS] is corrected to read as. Start Printed Page 78768 Start Printed Page 78769 Start Signature Wilma M. Robinson, Deputy Executive Secretary to the Department, Department of Health and Human Services.

End Signature End Supplemental Information BILLING CODE 4120-01-PBILLING CODE 4120-01-CBILLING CODE 4120-01-PBILLING CODE 4120-01-CBILLING CODE 4120-01-PBILLING CODE 4120-01-CBILLING CODE 4120-01-P[FR Doc. 2020-26698 Filed 12-1-20. 4:15 pm]BILLING CODE 4120-01-C.

SAMHSA publishes guidelines, toolkit to strengthen where to buy kamagra crisis care in America's communities | SAMHSA Skip to main contentStart Preamble Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services where to buy kamagra (CMS), Health and Human Services (HHS). Final rule where to buy kamagra.

Correction. This document corrects technical and typographical errors in the final rule that appeared in the September 18, 2020 issue where to buy kamagra of the Federal Register titled “Medicare Program. Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems for Acute Care Hospitals and the Long-Term Care Hospital Prospective Payment System and Final Policy Changes and Fiscal where to buy kamagra Year 2021 Rates.

Quality Reporting and Medicare and Medicaid Promoting Interoperability where to buy kamagra Programs Requirements for Eligible Hospitals and Critical Access Hospitals”. Effective Date. This correcting document is where to buy kamagra effective on December 1, 2020.

Applicability Date where to buy kamagra. The corrections in this correcting document are applicable to where to buy kamagra discharges occurring on or after October 1, 2020. Start Further Info Donald Thompson and Michele Hudson, (410) 786-4487.

End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information I where to buy kamagra. Background In where to buy kamagra FR Doc. 2020-19637 of September 18, 2020 (85 FR 58432) there were a number of technical and typographical errors that are identified and corrected in the Correction of where to buy kamagra Errors section of this correcting document.

The corrections in this correcting document are applicable to discharges occurring on or after October 1, 2020, as if they had been included in the document that appeared in the September 18, 2020 Federal Register. II. Summary of Errors A.

Summary of Errors in the Preamble On the following pages. 58435 through 58436, 58448, 58451, 58453, 58459, 58464, 58471, 58479, 58487, 58495, 58506, 58509, 58520, 58529, 58531 through 58532, 58537, 58540 through 58541, 58553 through 58556, 58559 through 58560, 58580 through 58583, 58585 through 58588, 58596, 58599, 58603 through 58604, 58606 through 58607, 58610, 58719, 58734, 58736 through 58737, 58739, 58741, 58842, 58876, 58893, and 58898 through 58900, we are correcting inadvertent typographical errors in the internal section references. On page 58596, we are correcting an inadvertent typographical error in the date of the MedPAR data used for developing the Medicare Severity Diagnosis-Related Group (MS-DRG) relative weights.

On pages 58716 and 58717, we are correcting inadvertent errors in the ICD-10-PCS procedure codes describing the BAROSTIM NEO® System technology. On pages 58721 and 58723, we are correcting inadvertent errors in the ICD-10-PCS procedure codes describing the Cefiderocol technology. On page 58768, due to a conforming change to the Rural Floor Budget Neutrality adjustment (listed in the table titled “Summary of FY 2021 Budget Neutrality Factors” on page 59034) as discussed in section II.B.

Of this correcting document and the conforming changes to the Out-Migration Adjustment discussed in section II. D of this correcting document (with regard to Table 4A), we are correcting the 25th percentile wage index value across all hospitals. On page 59006, in the discussion of Medicare bad debt policy, we are correcting inadvertent errors in the regulatory citations and descriptions.

B. Summary of Errors in the Addendum On pages 59031 and 59037, we are correcting inadvertent typographical errors in the internal section references. We are correcting an error in the version 38 ICD-10 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data in the FY 2019 MedPAR files used in the ratesetting for the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule, which resulted in inadvertent errors in the MS-DRG relative weights (and associated average length-of-stay (LOS)).

Additionally, the version 38 MS-DRG assignment and relative weights are used when determining total payments for purposes of all of the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. As a result, the corrections to the MS-DRG assignment under the ICD-10 MS-DRG GROUPER version 38 for some cases in the historical claims data in the FY 2019 MedPAR files and the recalculation of the relative weights directly affected the calculation of total payments and required the recalculation of all the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. In addition, as discussed in section II.D.

Of this correcting document, we made updates to the calculation of Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology to reflect updated information on hospital mergers received in response to the final rule. Factor 3 determines the total amount of the uncompensated care payment a hospital is eligible to receive for a fiscal year. This hospital-specific payment amount is then used to calculate the amount of the interim uncompensated care payments a hospital receives per discharge.

Per discharge uncompensated care payments are included when determining total payments for purposes of all of the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. As a result, the revisions made to the calculation of Factor 3 to address additional merger information directly affected the calculation of total payments and required the recalculation of all the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. We made an inadvertent error in the Medicare Geographic Classification Review Board (MGCRB) reclassification status of one hospital in the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule.

Specifically, CCN 050481 is incorrectly listed in Table 2 as reclassified to its geographic “home” of CBSA 31084. The correct reclassification area is to CBSA 37100. This correction necessitated the recalculation of the FY 2021 wage index for CBSA 37100 and affected the final FY 2021 wage index with reclassification.

The final FY 2021 IPPS wage index with reclassification is used when determining total payments for purposes of all budget neutrality factors (except for the MS-DRG reclassification and recalibration budget neutrality factor and the wage index budget neutrality adjustment factor) and the final outlier threshold. Due to the correction of the combination of errors listed previously (corrections to the MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and average length of stay, revisions to Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology, and the correction to the MGCRB reclassification status of one hospital), we recalculated all IPPS budget neutrality adjustment factors, the fixed-loss cost threshold, the final wage indexes (and geographic adjustment factors (GAFs)), the national operating standardized amounts and capital Federal rate. Therefore, we made conforming changes to the following.

On page 59034, the table titled “Summary of FY 2021 Budget Neutrality Factors”. On page 59037, the estimated total Federal capital payments and the estimated capital outlier payments. On page 59040, the calculation of the outlier fixed-loss cost threshold, total operating Federal payments, total operating outlier payments, the outlier adjustment to the capital Federal rate and the related discussion of the percentage estimates of operating and capital outlier payments.

On page 59042, the table titled “Changes from FY 2020 Standardized Amounts to the FY 2021 Standardized Amounts”. On page 59039, we are correcting a typographical error in the total cases from October 1, 2018 through September 31, 2019 used to calculate the average covered charge per case, which is then used to calculate the charge inflation factor. On pages 59047 through 59048, in our discussion of the determination of the Federal hospital inpatient capital-related prospective payment rate update, due to the recalculation of the GAFs as well as corrections to the MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and average length of stay, we have made conforming corrections to the capital Federal rate, the incremental budget neutrality adjustment factor for changes in the GAFs, and the outlier threshold (as discussed previously).

As a result of these changes, we also made conforming corrections in the table showing the comparison of factors and adjustments for the FY 2020 capital Federal rate and FY 2021 capital Federal rate. As we noted in the final rule, the capital Federal rate is calculated using unrounded budget neutrality and outlier Start Printed Page 78750adjustment factors. The unrounded GAF/DRG budget neutrality factors and the unrounded outlier adjustment to the capital Federal rate were revised because of these errors.

However, after rounding these factors to 4 decimal places as displayed in the final rule, the rounded factors were unchanged from the final rule. On page 59057, we are making conforming changes to the fixed-loss amount for FY 2021 site neutral payment rate discharges, and the high cost outlier (HCO) threshold (based on the corrections to the IPPS fixed-loss amount discussed previously). On pages 59060 and 59061, we are making conforming corrections to the national adjusted operating standardized amounts and capital standard Federal payment rate (which also include the rates payable to hospitals located in Puerto Rico) in Tables 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D as a result of the conforming corrections to certain budget neutrality factors and the outlier threshold previously described.

C. Summary of Errors in the Appendices On pages 59062, 59070, 59074 through 59076, and 59085 we are correcting inadvertent typographical errors in the internal section references. On pages 59064 through 59071, 59073 and 59074, and 59092 and 59093, in our regulatory impact analyses, we have made conforming corrections to the factors, values, and tables and accompanying discussion of the changes in operating and capital IPPS payments for FY 2021 and the effects of certain IPPS budget neutrality factors as a result of the technical errors that lead to changes in our calculation of the operating and capital IPPS budget neutrality factors, outlier threshold, final wage indexes, operating standardized amounts, and capital Federal rate (as described in section II.B.

Of this correcting document). These conforming corrections include changes to the following tables. On pages 59065 through 59069, the table titled “Table I—Impact Analysis of Changes to the IPPS for Operating Costs for FY 2021”.

On pages 59073 and 59074, the table titled “Table II—Impact Analysis of Changes for FY 2021 Acute Care Hospital Operating Prospective Payment System (Payments per discharge)”. On pages 59092 and 59093, the table titled “Table III—Comparison of Total Payments per Case [FY 2020 Payments Compared to Final FY 2021 payments]”. On pages 59076 through 59079, we are correcting the discussion of the “Effects of the Changes to Uncompensated Care Payments for FY 2021” for purposes of the Regulatory Impact Analysis in Appendix A of the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule, including the table titled “Modeled Uncompensated Care Payments for Estimated FY 2021 DSHs by Hospital Type.

Uncompensated Care Payments ($ in Millions)*—from FY 2020 to FY 2021” on pages 59077 and 59078, in light of the corrections discussed in section II.D. Of this correcting document. D.

Summary of Errors in and Corrections to Files and Tables Posted on the CMS Website We are correcting the errors in the following IPPS tables that are listed on pages 59059 and 59060 of the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule and are available on the internet on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Medicare/​Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/​AcuteInpatientPPS/​index.html. The tables that are available on the internet have been updated to reflect the revisions discussed in this correcting document. Table 2—Case-Mix Index and Wage Index Table by CCN-FY 2021 Final Rule.

As discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document, CCN 050481 is incorrectly listed as reclassified to its home geographic area of CBSA 31084. In this table, we are correcting the columns titled “Wage Index Payment CBSA” and “MGCRB Reclass” to accurately reflect its reclassification to CBSA 37100.

This correction necessitated the recalculation of the FY 2021 wage index for CBSA 37100. Also, the corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and ALOS, corrections to Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology, and recalculation of all of the budget neutrality adjustments (as discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document) necessitated the recalculation of the rural floor budget neutrality factor which is the only budget neutrality factor applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes.

Because the rural floor budget neutrality factor is applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes, we are making corresponding changes to the wage indexes listed in Table 2. In addition, as also discussed later in this section, because the wage indexes are one of the inputs used to determine the out-migration adjustment, some of the out migration adjustments changed. Therefore, we are making corresponding changes to some of the out-migration adjustments listed in Table 2.

Also, as discussed in section II.A of this correcting document, we made a conforming change to the 25th percentile wage index value across all hospitals. Accordingly, we are making corresponding changes to the values for hospitals in the columns titled “FY 2021 Wage Index Prior to Quartile and Transition”, “FY 2021 Wage Index With Quartile”, “FY 2021 Wage Index With Quartile and Cap” and “Out-Migration Adjustment”. We also updated footnote number 6 to reflect the conforming change to the 25th percentile wage index value across all hospitals.

Table 3.—Wage Index Table by CBSA—FY 2021 Final Rule. As discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document, CCN 050481 is incorrectly listed in Table 2 as reclassified to its home geographic area of CBSA 31084 instead of reclassified to CBSA 37100.

This correction necessitated the recalculation of the FY 2021 wage index for CBSA 37100. Also, corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and ALOS, corrections to Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology, and the recalculation of all of the budget neutrality adjustments (as discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document) necessitated the recalculation of the rural floor budget neutrality factor which is the only budget neutrality factor applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes.

Because the rural floor budget neutrality factor is applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes, we are making corresponding changes to the wage indexes and GAFs of all CBSAs listed in Table 3. Specifically, we are correcting the values and flags in the columns titled “Wage Index”, “GAF”, “Reclassified Wage Index”, “Reclassified GAF”, “State Rural Floor”, “Eligible for Rural Floor Wage Index”, “Pre-Frontier and/or Pre-Rural Floor Wage Index”, “Reclassified Wage Index Eligible for Frontier Wage Index”, “Reclassified Wage Index Eligible for Rural Floor Wage Index”, and “Reclassified Wage Index Pre-Frontier and/or Pre-Rural Floor”. Table 4A.— List of Counties Eligible for the Out-Migration Adjustment under Section 1886(d)(13) of the Act—FY 2021 Final Rule.

As discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document, CCN 050481 is incorrectly listed in Table 2 as reclassified to its home geographic area of CBSA 31084 instead of reclassified to CBSA 37100. This correction necessitated the recalculation of the FY 2021 wage index for CBSA 37100.

Also, corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases Start Printed Page 78751in the historical claims data and the resulting recalculation of the relative weights and ALOS, corrections to Factor 3 of the uncompensated care payment methodology, and the recalculation of all of the budget neutrality adjustments (as discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document) necessitated the recalculation of the rural floor budget neutrality factor which is the only budget neutrality factor applied to the FY 2021 wage indexes. As a result, as discussed previously, we are making corresponding changes to the FY 2021 wage indexes.

Because the wage indexes are one of the inputs used to determine the out-migration adjustment, some of the out migration adjustments changed. Therefore, we are making corresponding changes to some of the out-migration adjustments listed in Table 4A. Specifically, we are correcting the values in the column titled “FY 2021 Out Migration Adjustment”.

Table 5.—List of Medicare Severity Diagnosis-Related Groups (MS-DRGs), Relative Weighting Factors, and Geometric and Arithmetic Mean Length of Stay—FY 2021. We are correcting this table to reflect the recalculation of the relative weights, geometric average length-of-stay (LOS), and arithmetic mean LOS as a result of the corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data used in the calculations (as discussed in section II.B. Of this correcting document).

Table 7B.—Medicare Prospective Payment System Selected Percentile Lengths of Stay. FY 2019 MedPAR Update—March 2020 GROUPER Version 38 MS-DRGs. We are correcting this table to reflect the recalculation of the relative weights, geometric average LOS, and arithmetic mean LOS as a result of the corrections to the version 38 MS-DRG assignment for some cases in the historical claims data used in the calculations (as discussed in section II.B.

Of this correcting document). Table 18.—FY 2021 Medicare DSH Uncompensated Care Payment Factor 3. For the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule, we published a list of hospitals that we identified to be subsection (d) hospitals and subsection (d) Puerto Rico hospitals projected to be eligible to receive uncompensated care interim payments for FY 2021.

As stated in the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule (85 FR 58834 and 58835), we allowed the public an additional period after the issuance of the final rule to review and submit comments on the accuracy of the list of mergers that we identified in the final rule. Based on the comments received during this additional period, we are updating this table to reflect the merger information received in response to the final rule and to revise the Factor 3 calculations for purposes of determining uncompensated care payments for the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule. We are revising Factor 3 for all hospitals to reflect the updated merger information received in response to the final rule.

We are also revising the amount of the total uncompensated care payment calculated for each DSH-eligible hospital. The total uncompensated care payment that a hospital receives is used to calculate the amount of the interim uncompensated care payments the hospital receives per discharge. Accordingly, we have also revised these amounts for all DSH-eligible hospitals.

These corrections will be reflected in Table 18 and the Medicare DSH Supplemental Data File. Per discharge uncompensated care payments are included when determining total payments for purposes of all of the budget neutrality factors and the final outlier threshold. As a result, these corrections to uncompensated care payments impacted the calculation of all the budget neutrality factors as well as the outlier fixed-loss cost threshold.

In section IV.C. Of this correcting document, we have made corresponding revisions to the discussion of the “Effects of the Changes to Medicare DSH and Uncompensated Care Payments for FY 2021” for purposes of the Regulatory Impact Analysis in Appendix A of the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule to reflect the corrections discussed previously and to correct minor typographical errors. The files that are available on the internet have been updated to reflect the corrections discussed in this correcting document.

III. Waiver of Proposed Rulemaking, 60-Day Comment Period, and Delay in Effective Date Under 5 U.S.C. 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), the agency is required to publish a notice of the proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register before the provisions of a rule take effect.

Similarly, section 1871(b)(1) of the Act requires the Secretary to provide for notice of the proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register and provide a period of not less than 60 days for public comment. In addition, section 553(d) of the APA, and section 1871(e)(1)(B)(i) of the Act mandate a 30-day delay in effective date after issuance or publication of a rule. Sections 553(b)(B) and 553(d)(3) of the APA provide for exceptions from the notice and comment and delay in effective date APA requirements.

In cases in which these exceptions apply, sections 1871(b)(2)(C) and 1871(e)(1)(B)(ii) of the Act provide exceptions from the notice and 60-day comment period and delay in effective date requirements of the Act as well. Section 553(b)(B) of the APA and section 1871(b)(2)(C) of the Act authorize an agency to dispense with normal rulemaking requirements for good cause if the agency makes a finding that the notice and comment process are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest. In addition, both section 553(d)(3) of the APA and section 1871(e)(1)(B)(ii) of the Act allow the agency to avoid the 30-day delay in effective date where such delay is contrary to the public interest and an agency includes a statement of support.

We believe that this correcting document does not constitute a rule that would be subject to the notice and comment or delayed effective date requirements. This document corrects technical and typographical errors in the preamble, addendum, payment rates, tables, and appendices included or referenced in the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule, but does not make substantive changes to the policies or payment methodologies that were adopted in the final rule. As a result, this correcting document is intended to ensure that the information in the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule accurately reflects the policies adopted in that document.

In addition, even if this were a rule to which the notice and comment procedures and delayed effective date requirements applied, we find that there is good cause to waive such requirements. Undertaking further notice and comment procedures to incorporate the corrections in this document into the final rule or delaying the effective date would be contrary to the public interest because it is in the public's interest for providers to receive appropriate payments in as timely a manner as possible, and to ensure that the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule accurately reflects our policies. Furthermore, such procedures would be unnecessary, as we are not altering our payment methodologies or policies, but rather, we are simply implementing correctly the methodologies and policies that we previously proposed, requested comment on, and subsequently finalized.

This correcting document is intended solely to ensure that the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule accurately reflects these payment methodologies and policies. Therefore, we believe we have good cause to waive Start Printed Page 78752the notice and comment and effective date requirements. Moreover, even if these corrections were considered to be retroactive rulemaking, they would be authorized under section 1871(e)(1)(A)(ii) of the Act, which permits the Secretary to issue a rule for the Medicare program with retroactive effect if the failure to do so would be contrary to the public interest.

As we have explained previously, we believe it would be contrary to the public interest not to implement the corrections in this correcting document because it is in the public's interest for providers to receive appropriate payments in as timely a manner as possible, and to ensure that the FY 2021 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule accurately reflects our policies. IV. Correction of Errors In FR Doc.

2020-19637 of September 18, 2020 (85 FR 58432), we are making the following corrections. A. Corrections of Errors in the Preamble 1.

On page 58435, third column, third full paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. 2. On page 58436, first column, first full paragraph, line 10, the reference, “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”.

3. On page 58448, lower half of the page, second column, first partial paragraph, lines 19 and 20, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 4.

On page 58451, first column, first full paragraph, line 12, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. 5. On page 58453, third column, third full paragraph, line 13, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”.

6. On page 58459, first column, fourth paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 7.

On page 58464, bottom quarter of the page, second column, partial paragraph, lines 4 and 5, the phrase “and section II.E.15. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “and this final rule,”. 8.

On page 58471, first column, first partial paragraph, lines 12 and 13, the reference, “section II.E.15.” is corrected to read “section II.D.15.”. 9. On page 58479, first column, first partial paragraph.

A. Line 6, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. B.

Line 15, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 10. On page 58487, first column, first full paragraph, lines 20 through 21, the reference, “section II.E.12.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.12.b.”.

11. On page 58495, middle of the page, third column, first full paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 12.

On page 58506. A. Top half of the page, second column, first full paragraph, line 8, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”.

B. Bottom half of the page. (1) First column, first paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”.

(2) Second column, third full paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 13. On page 58509.

A. First column, last paragraph, last line, the reference, “section II.E.2.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.”. B.

Third column, last paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 14. On page 58520, second column, second full paragraph, line 22, the reference, “section II.E.11.” is corrected to read “section II.D.11.”.

15. On page 58529, bottom half of the page, first column, last paragraph, lines 11 and 12, the reference, “section II.E.12.a.” is corrected to read “section II.D.12.a.”. 16.

On page 58531. A. Top of the page, second column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.4.” is corrected to read “section II.D.4.”.

B. Bottom of the page, first column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. 17.

On page 58532, top of the page, second column, first partial paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.4.” is corrected to read “section II.D.4.”. 18. On page 58537.

A. Second column, last paragraph, line 6, the reference, “section II.E.11.c.5.” is corrected to read “section II.D.11.c.(5).”. B.

Third column, fifth paragraph. (1) Lines 8 and 9, the reference, “section II.E.11.c.1.” is corrected to read “section II.D.11.c.(1).”. (2) Line 29, the reference, “section II.E.11.c.1.” is corrected to read “section II.D.11.c.(1).”.

19. On page 58540, first column, first partial paragraph, line 19, the reference, “section II.E.13.” is corrected to read “section II.D.13.”. 20.

On page 58541, second column, first partial paragraph, lines 9 and 10, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. 21. On page 58553, second column, third full paragraph, line 20, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”.

22. On page 58554, first column, fifth full paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.E.13.” is corrected to read “section II.D.13.”. 23.

On page 58555, second column, fifth full paragraph, lines 8 and 9, the reference, “section II.E.13.” is corrected to read “section II.D.13.”. 24. On page 58556.

A. First column, first partial paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. B.

Second column, first full paragraph. (1) Line 6, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. (2) Line 38, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”.

25. On page 58559, bottom half of the page, third column, first full paragraph, line 21, the reference, “section II.E.12.c.” is corrected to read “section II.D.12.c.”. 26.

On page 58560, first column, first full paragraph, line 14, the reference, “section II.E.16.” is corrected to read “section II.D.16.”. 27. On page 58580, third column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 28. On page 58581.

A. Middle of the page. (1) First column, first paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. (2) Third column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

B. Bottom of the page, third column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

Middle of the page. (1) First column, first paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

(2) Third column, first full paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. B.

Bottom of the page, second column, first full paragraph, lines 2 and 3, the reference, “in section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 30.

On page 58583. A. Top of the page, second column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, Start Printed Page 78753“section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. B. Bottom of the page.

(1) First column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “in section II.E.13. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. (2) Third column, last paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 31. On page 58585, top of the page, third column, last paragraph, lines 3 and 4, the reference, “in section II.E.13.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 32. On page 58586.

A. Second column, last partial paragraph, line 4, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. B.

Third column. (1) First partial paragraph. (a) Lines 12 and 13, the reference, “in section II.E.2.b.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. (b) Lines 20 and 21, the reference, “in section II.E.8.a. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

(2) Last partial paragraph. (a) Line 3, the reference, “section II.E.4. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”.

(b) Line 38, the reference, “section II.E.7.b. Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. 33.

On page 58587. A. Top of the page, second column, partial paragraph, line 7, the reference, “section II.E.8.a.

Of this final rule,” is corrected to read “this final rule,”. B. Bottom of the page.

(1) Second column, last partial paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. (2) Third column, first partial paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.E.8.a.” is corrected to read “section II.D.8.a.”. 34.

On page 58588, first column. A. First full paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.4.” is corrected to read “section II.D.4.”.

B. Third full paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.7.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.7.b.”. C.

Fifth full paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.E.8.a.” is corrected to read “section II.D.8.a.”. 35. On page 58596.

A. First column. (1) First full paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.E.5.a.” is corrected to read “section II.D.5.a.”.

(2) Last paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.1.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.b.”. C. Second column, first full paragraph, line 14, the date “March 31, 2019” is corrected to read “March 31, 2020”.

36. On page 58599, first column, second full paragraph, line 1, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 37.

On page 58603, first column. A. First partial paragraph, line 13, the reference, “section II.G.1.a.(2).b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.a.(2).b.”.

B. Last partial paragraph, line 21, the reference, “section II.G.1.a.(2).b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.a.(2).b.”. 38.

On page 58604, third column, first partial paragraph, line 38, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 39. On page 58606.

A. First column, second partial paragraph, line 13, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. B.

Second column. (1) First partial paragraph, line 3, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. (2) First full paragraph.

(a) Line 29, the reference, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”. (b) Line 36, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”. E.

Third column, first full paragraph. (1) Lines 4 and 5, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read section “II.F.9.b.”. (2) Line 13, the reference “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”.

First column, first full paragraph. (1) Line 7, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. (2) Line 13, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”.

C. Second column, first partial paragraph. (1) Line 20, the reference, “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”.

(2) Line 33, the reference, “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”. 41. On page 58610.

A. Second column, last partial paragraph, lines 1 and 16, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. B.

Third column, first partial paragraph. (1) Line 6, the reference, “section II.G.1.a.(2).b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.a.(2)b.” (2) Lines 20 and 21, the reference, “section II.G.1.a.(2)b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.a.(2)b.”. 42.

On page 58716, first column, second full paragraph, lines 14 through 19, the phrase, “with 03HK0MZ (Insertion of stimulator lead into right internal carotid artery, open approach) or 03HL0MZ (Insertion of stimulator lead into left internal carotid artery, open approach)” is corrected to read “with 03HK3MZ (Insertion of stimulator lead into right internal carotid artery, percutaneous approach) or 03HL3MZ (Insertion of stimulator lead into left internal carotid artery, percutaneous approach).”. 43. On page 58717, first column, first partial paragraph, line 5, the phrase, “with 03HK0MZ or 03HL0MZ” is corrected to read “with 03HK3MZ or 03HL3MZ.” 44.

On page 58719. A. First column, last partial paragraph, line 12, the reference, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”.

B. Third column, first partial paragraph, line 15, the reference, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”. 45.

On page 58721, third column, second full paragraph, line 17, the phrase, “XW03366 or XW04366” is corrected to read “XW033A6 (Introduction of cefiderocol anti-infective into peripheral vein, percutaneous approach, new technology group 6) or XW043A6 (Introduction of cefiderocol anti-infective into central vein, percutaneous approach, new technology group 6).”. 46. On page 58723, second column, first partial paragraph, line 14, the phrase, “procedure codes XW03366 or XW04366” is corrected to read “procedure codes XW033A6 or XW043A6.” 47.

On page 58734, third column, second full paragraph, line 26, the reference, “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. 48. On page 58736, second column, first full paragraph, line 27, the reference, “II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “II.F.9.b.”.

49. On page 58737, third column, first partial paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.G.1.d.” is corrected to read “section II.F.1.d.”. 50.

On page 58739, third column, first full paragraph, line 21, the reference, “section II.G.8.” is corrected to read “section II.F.8.”. 51. On page 58741, third column, second partial paragraph, line 17, the reference, “section II.G.9.a.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.a.”.Start Printed Page 78754 52.

On page 58768, third column, first partial paragraph, line 3, the figure “0.8465” is corrected to read “0.8469”. 53. On page 58842, second column, first full paragraph, lines 19 and 35, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”.

54. On page 58876, first column, first full paragraph, line 18, the reference, “section II.E.” is corrected to read “section II.D.”. 55.

On page 58893, first column, second full paragraph, line 5, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 56. On page 58898, third column, first full paragraph, line 9, the reference, “section II.E.” is corrected to read “section II.D.”.

57. On page 58899, third column, first full paragraph, line 24, the reference, “section II.E.1.” is corrected to read “section II.D.1.”. 58.

On page 58900, first column, third paragraph, line 26, the reference, “section II.E.” is corrected to read “section II.D.”. 59. On page 59006, second column, second full paragraph.

A. Line 4, the regulation citation, “(c)(3)(i)” is corrected to read “(c)(1)(ii)”. B.

Line 12, the regulation citation, “(c)(3)(ii)” is corrected to read “(c)(2)(ii)”. C. Lines 17 and 18, the phrase “charged to an uncollectible receivables account” is corrected to read, “recorded as an implicit price concession”.

B. Correction of Errors in the Addendum 1. On page 59031.

A. First column. (1) First full paragraph, line 7, the reference, “section “II.G.” is corrected to read “section II.E.”.

(2) Second partial paragraph, lines 26 and 27, the reference, “section II.G.” is corrected to read “section II.E.”. B. Second column, first partial paragraph.

(1) Line 5, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. (2) Line 22, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 2.

On page 59034, at the top of the page, the table titled “Summary of FY 2021 Budget Neutrality Factors” is corrected to read. 3. On page 59037, second column.

A. First full paragraph, line 4, the phrase “(estimated capital outlier payments of $429,431,834 divided by (estimated capital outlier payments of $429,431,834 plus the estimated total capital Federal payment of $7,577,697,269))” is corrected to read. €œ(estimated capital outlier payments of $429,147,874 divided by (estimated capital outlier payments of $429,147,874 plus the estimated total capital Federal payment of $7,577,975,637))” b.

Last partial paragraph, line 8, the reference, “section II.E.2.b.” is corrected to read “section II.D.2.b.”. 4. On page 59039, third column, last paragraph, lines 18 and 19, the phrase “9,519,120 cases” is corrected to “9,221,466 cases”.

Top of the page, third column. (1) First partial paragraph. (a) Line 9, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”.

(b) Line 11, the figure “$4,955,813,978” is corrected to read “$4,951,017,650” (c) Line 12, the figure “$92,027,177,037” is corrected to read “$91,937,666,182”. (d) Line 26, the figure “$29,108” is corrected to read “$29,121”. Start Printed Page 78755 (e) Line 33, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”.

(2) First full paragraph, line 11, the phrase “threshold for FY 2021 (which reflects our” is corrected to read “threshold for FY 2021 of $29,064 (which reflects our”. B. Bottom of the page, the untitled table is corrected to read as follows.

6. On pages 59042, the table titled “CHANGES FROM FY 2020 STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS TO THE FY 2021 STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS” is corrected to read as follows. Start Printed Page 78756 7.

(1) Second full paragraph, line 43, the figure “0.9984” is corrected to read “0.9983”. (2) Last paragraph. (a) Line 17, the figure “0.9984” is corrected to read “0.9983”.

(b) Line 18, the figure “0.9984” is corrected to read “0.9983”. B. Third column.

(1) Third paragraph, line 4, the figure “0.9984” is corrected to read “0.9983”. (2) Last paragraph, line 9, the figure “$466.22” is corrected to read “$466.21”. 8.

On page 59048. A. The chart titled “COMPARISON OF FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS.

FY 2020 CAPITAL FEDERAL RATE AND THE FY 2021 CAPITAL FEDERAL RATE” is corrected to read as follows. b. Lower half of the page, first column, second full paragraph, last line, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”.

9. On page 59057, second column, second full paragraph. A.

Line 11, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”. B. Last line, the figure “$29,051” is corrected to read “$29,064”.

10. On page 59060, the table titled “TABLE 1A—NATIONAL ADJUSTED OPERATING STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS, LABOR/NONLABOR (68.3 PERCENT LABOR SHARE/31.7 PERCENT NONLABOR SHARE IF WAGE INDEX IS GREATER THAN 1) —FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows. 11.

On page 59061, top of the page. A. The table titled “TABLE 1B—NATIONAL ADJUSTED OPERATING STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS, LABOR/NONLABOR (62 PERCENT LABOR SHARE/38 PERCENT NONLABOR SHARE IF WAGE INDEX IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 1)—FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows.

Start Printed Page 78757 b. The table titled “Table 1C—ADJUSTED OPERATING STANDARDIZED AMOUNTS FOR HOSPITALS IN PUERTO RICO, LABOR/NONLABOR (NATIONAL. 62 PERCENT LABOR SHARE/38 PERCENT NONLABOR SHARE BECAUSE WAGE INDEX IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 1)—FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows.

c. The table titled “TABLE 1D—CAPITAL STANDARD FEDERAL PAYMENT RATE—FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows. C.

Corrections of Errors in the Appendices 1. On page 59062, first column, second full paragraph. A.

Line 9, the reference “sections II.G.5. And 6.” is corrected to read “sections II.F.5. And 6.” b.

Line 11, the reference “section II.G.6.” is corrected to read “section II.F.6.” 3. On page 59064, third column, second full paragraph, last line, the figures “2,049, and 1,152” are corrected to read “2,050 and 1,151”. 4.

On page 59065 through 59069, the table and table notes for the table titled “TABLE I.—IMPACT ANALYSIS OF CHANGES TO THE IPPS FOR OPERATING COSTS FOR FY 2021” are corrected to read as follows. Start Printed Page 78758 Start Printed Page 78759 Start Printed Page 78760 Start Printed Page 78761 Start Printed Page 78762 5. On page 59070.

(a) Line 1, the reference, “section II.E.” is corrected to read “section II.D.”. (b) Line 11, the section reference “II.G.” is corrected to read “II.E.”. (2) Fourth full paragraph, line 6, the figure “0.99798” is corrected to read “0.997975”.

B. Third column, first full paragraph, line 26, the figure “1.000426” is corrected to read “1.000447”. 6.

On page 59071, lower half of the page. A. First column, third full paragraph, line 6, the figure “0.986583” is corrected to read “0.986616”.

B. Second column, second full paragraph, line 5, the figure “0.993433” is corrected to read “0.993446”. C.

Third column, first partial paragraph, line 2, the figure “0.993433” is corrected to read “0.993446”. 7. On page 59073 and 59074, the table titled “TABLE II.—IMPACT ANALYSIS OF CHANGES FOR FY 2021 ACUTE CARE HOSPITAL OPERATING PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM (PAYMENTS PER DISCHARGE)” is corrected to read as follows.

Start Printed Page 78763 Start Printed Page 78764 Start Printed Page 78765 8. On page 59074, bottom of the page, second column, last partial paragraph, line 1, the reference “section II.G.9.b.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.b.”. 9.

(1) First full paragraph, line 1, the reference “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”. (2) Last partial paragraph. (i) Line 1, the reference “section II.G.4.” is corrected to read “section II.F.4.”.

(ii) Line 11, the reference “section II.G.4.” is corrected to read “section II.F.4.”. B. Third column.

(1) First full paragraph. (i) Line 1, the reference “sections II.G.5. And 6.” is corrected to read “sections II.F.5.

And 6.”. (ii) Line 12, the reference “section II.H.6.” is corrected to read “section II.F.6.”. (2) Last paragraph, line 1, the reference “section II.G.6.” is corrected to read “section II.F.6.”.

10. On page 59076, first column, first partial paragraph, lines 2 and 3, the reference “section II.G.9.c.” is corrected to read “section II.F.9.c.”. 11.

On pages 59077 and 59078 the table titled “Modeled Uncompensated Care Payments for Estimated FY 2021 DSHs by Hospital Type. Uncompensated Care Payments ($ in Millions)—from FY 2020 to FY 2021” is corrected to read as follows. Start Printed Page 78766 Start Printed Page 78767 12.

On pages 59078 and 59079 in the section titled “Effects of the Changes to Uncompensated Care Payments for FY 2021”, the section's language (beginning with the phrase “Rural hospitals, in general, are projected to experience” and ending with the sentence “Hospitals with greater than 65 percent Medicare utilization are projected to receive an increase of 0.62 percent.”) is corrected to read as follows. €œRural hospitals, in general, are projected to experience larger decreases in uncompensated care payments than their urban counterparts. Overall, rural hospitals are projected to receive a 7.19 percent decrease in uncompensated care payments, while urban hospitals are projected to receive a 0.29 percent decrease in uncompensated care payments.

However, hospitals in large urban areas are projected to receive a 0.75 percent increase in uncompensated care payments and hospitals in other urban areas a 1.94 percent decrease. By bed size, smaller rural hospitals are projected to receive the largest decreases in uncompensated care payments. Rural hospitals with 0-99 beds are projected to receive a 9.46 percent payment decrease, and rural hospitals with 100-249 beds are projected to receive a 7.44 percent decrease.

These decreases for smaller rural hospitals are greater than the overall hospital average. However, larger rural hospitals with 250+ beds are projected to receive a 7.64 percent payment increase. In contrast, the smallest urban hospitals (0-99 beds) are projected to receive an increase in uncompensated care payments of 2.61 percent, while urban hospitals with 100-249 beds are projected to receive a decrease of 1.05 percent, and larger urban hospitals with 250+ beds are projected to receive a 0.18 percent decrease in uncompensated care payments, which is less than the overall hospital average.

By region, rural hospitals are expected to receive larger than average decreases in uncompensated care payments in all Regions, except for rural hospitals in the Pacific Region, which are projected to receive an increase in uncompensated care payments of 9.14 percent. Urban hospitals are projected to receive a more varied range of payment changes. Urban hospitals in the New England, the Middle Atlantic, West South Central, and Mountain Regions, as well as urban hospitals in Puerto Rico, are projected to receive larger than average decreases in uncompensated care payments, while urban hospitals in the South Atlantic, East North Central, East South Central, West North Central, and Pacific Regions are projected to receive increases in uncompensated care payments.

By payment classification, hospitals in urban areas overall are expected to receive a 0.18 percent increase in uncompensated care payments, with hospitals in large urban areas expected to see an increase in uncompensated care payments of 1.15 percent, while hospitals in other urban areas are expected to receive a decrease of 1.60 percent. In contrast, hospitals in rural areas are projected to receive a decrease in uncompensated care payments of 3.18 percent. Nonteaching hospitals are projected to receive a payment decrease of 0.99 percent, teaching hospitals with fewer than 100 residents are projected to receive a payment decrease of 0.83 percent, and teaching hospitals with 100+ residents have a projected payment decrease of 0.41 percent.

All of these decreases are consistent with the overall hospital average. Proprietary and government hospitals are projected to receive larger than average decreases of 2.42 and 1.14 percent respectively, while voluntary hospitals are expected to receive a payment decrease of 0.03 percent. Hospitals with less than 50 percent Medicare utilization are projected to receive decreases in uncompensated care payments consistent with the overall hospital average percent change, while hospitals with 50 to 65 percent Medicare utilization are projected to receive a larger than average decrease of 4.12 percent.

Hospitals with greater than 65 percent Medicare utilization are projected to receive an increase of 0.80 percent.” 13. On page 59085, lower half of the page, second column, last partial paragraph, line 20, the section reference “II.H.” is corrected to read “IV.H.”. 14.

On pages 59092 and 59093, the table titled “TABLE III.—COMPARISON OF TOTAL PAYMENTS PER CASE [FY 2020 PAYMENTS COMPARED TO FINAL FY 2021 PAYMENTS] is corrected to read as. Start Printed Page 78768 Start Printed Page 78769 Start Signature Wilma M. Robinson, Deputy Executive Secretary to the Department, Department of Health and Human Services.

End Signature End Supplemental Information BILLING CODE 4120-01-PBILLING CODE 4120-01-CBILLING CODE 4120-01-PBILLING CODE 4120-01-CBILLING CODE 4120-01-PBILLING CODE 4120-01-CBILLING CODE 4120-01-P[FR Doc. 2020-26698 Filed 12-1-20. 4:15 pm]BILLING CODE 4120-01-C.

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See Answer online doctor kamagra References SOURCE. European Society of Cardiology, news release, Aug. 27, 2020Latest online doctor kamagra Healthy Kids News THURSDAY, Aug.

27, 2020 (HealthDay News)If your child will be doing online learning this school year, you need to take steps to protect them from eye strain, the American Academy of Ophthalmology says."I really have seen a marked increase in kids suffering from eye strain because of increased screen time. Good news is most symptoms can online doctor kamagra be avoided by taking a few simple steps," pediatric ophthalmologist Dr. Stephen Lipsky, a clinical spokesperson for the academy, said in an academy news release.Here he offers these remote-learning recommendations to protect your child's vision:Set a timer to remind your child to take a break every 20 minutes.

Alternate reading on an e-book online doctor kamagra with a real book. Encourage children to look up and out the window every two chapters or to shut their eyes for 20 seconds.Mark books with paperclips online doctor kamagra every few chapters. When they reach a paper clip, it will remind them look up.

On an e-book, use the bookmark online doctor kamagra function for the same effect.Make sure children use laptops at arm's length (about 18 to 24 inches) from where they're sitting. Ideally, they should have a monitor positioned at eye level, directly in front of the body. Tablets should also be held at arm's length.To reduce glare, position the light source behind the child's online doctor kamagra back, not behind the screen.

Adjust the brightness and contrast on the screen so that it feels comfortable for children. Don't use a device outside or online doctor kamagra in brightly lit areas. The glare on http://infoleadsystems.com/clients-2/ the screen can cause eye strain.Children shouldn't use online doctor kamagra a device in a dark room.

As the pupil expands to adjust to the darkness, the brightness of the screen can aggravate after-images and cause discomfort.Children should stop using devices 30 to 60 minutes before bedtime. Blue light may disrupt online doctor kamagra sleep. If teens don't want to do this, have them switch to night mode or a similar mode to reduce blue light exposure.When study time is over, make sure children spend time outdoors.

Several studies suggest that online doctor kamagra spending time outdoors, especially in early childhood, can slow the progression of nearsightedness.-- Robert PreidtCopyright © 2020 HealthDay. All rights reserved. QUESTION online doctor kamagra What causes dry eyes?.

See Answer online doctor kamagra References SOURCE. American Academy of Ophthalmology, news release, Aug. 13, 2020Latest Heart News online doctor kamagra THURSDAY, Aug.

27, 2020 (American Heart Association News)"Something's not right," Marranda Edwards told her aunt in San Antonio. "I'm coming there."Edwards, who lives outside of Atlanta, had been worried for several days online doctor kamagra. Her mother, Alvis Whitlow, hadn't been calling as often as usual, which could easily be five times a day.

And when they did speak, Whitlow online doctor kamagra sounded confused and weak.In late March, a call from Edwards' aunt added to her suspicions. The aunt reported that Whitlow had gastrointestinal problems online doctor kamagra and couldn't walk to the bathroom without assistance. That's when Edwards knew she needed to act.Edwards took the first flight she could find, with her husband staying home to take care of their three children and six foster children.On the way to Texas, Edwards thought about the last time she sensed something was seriously wrong with her mom.

It was in 2003, when she too lived in San Antonio.Someone from the beauty shop where Whitlow was getting her hair online doctor kamagra done called to say her mother had thrown up and felt weak. This stood out because for much of that week, her mom complained of having a headache, which was unusual."Something's not right," Edwards told the woman at the beauty shop. "I'm coming there."Edwards called online doctor kamagra an ambulance to check on her mom.

As paramedics examined Whitlow, her heart stopped.At the hospital, doctors determined that an aneurysm burst in her brain, leading to bleeding. They believed online doctor kamagra it was caused by undiagnosed hypertension. She needed to undergo a online doctor kamagra procedure to stop the bleeding.

The chance of survival was 20%, doctors told Edwards.The procedure worked. And the damage wasn't as severe as online doctor kamagra feared.After two months of rehabilitation, Whitlow returned to work. She retired four years later, in 2007, at age 53, after nearly three decades with the San Antonio school system.Since then, Whitlow remained active and healthy, spending time with friends, family and church activities.

She also visited Edwards and her family several times a year.Having arrived in San Antonio for online doctor kamagra the urgent visit, the first thing Edwards noticed was how weak her mother seemed.Whitlow also was coughing. By the next day, it sounded like wheezing."I thought it might be bronchitis, but it started sounding worse," Edwards said.When a trip from the living room to the bedroom left Whitlow out of breath, Edwards called 911.Paramedics measured her temperature at 102 and her blood oxygen level at 87% instead of in the usual high 90s."Then I just knew it," Edwards said. "She's got online doctor kamagra it.

She's got the erectile dysfunction."Edwards followed the ambulance to the hospital but wasn't online doctor kamagra allowed inside. The next day, the doctor called, confirming Whitlow had erectile dysfunction treatment and saying she was on a ventilator. He said she'd also need to be transferred to a hospital set online doctor kamagra up for erectile dysfunction treatment patients."I need you to prepare," the doctor told Edwards.

"The patients we've seen with her age and history and how she presented, she only has a 20% chance of living."Edwards thought. "Here it online doctor kamagra was again. A 20% chance."Whitlow spent more than two weeks on a ventilator.

Doctors tried to online doctor kamagra remove her from the ventilator twice, but each time she needed the mechanical help again within eight hours."You have to make a serious decision," doctors told Edwards.The options. Insert a breathing tube, perhaps permanently, and go to a long-term acute care facility, or stay in the hospital – but when the ventilator is removed, it won't be put back in place.Edwards drove to the hospital, sat on the curb to be as close to her mother as online doctor kamagra possible. Then she began praying."What do I do?.

" she thought online doctor kamagra. "What do I do?. "Edwards called the hospital with her online doctor kamagra decision.Put in the tube.Whitlow was transferred to a hospital that specializes in weaning patients off ventilators.

Although Edwards still couldn't be with her mom, they could smile, wave and blow kisses through a window. After her breathing tube was online doctor kamagra removed, they could again talk on the phone.On May 11, after 27 days of acute care and a total of 24 days on a ventilator, Whitlow went home. Leaving the online doctor kamagra hospital, she refused a wheelchair, allowing her to walk into Edwards' waiting arms for their first hug in six weeks.

Hospital staffers surrounded them, cheering their reunion."I didn't expect all that applause," Whitlow said. "It made me feel really good, just blessed."The next day, a parade of more than 100 family, sorority and church members drove by to celebrate her recovery.Edwards, who is an assistant principal at online doctor kamagra a middle school, brought Whitlow back with her to Georgia. She arrived to more fanfare – a huge yard sign and cheering family members."God blessed me to be alive and to have someone here like Marranda to take care of me," Whitlow said.

"Without her, I don't know what I would have done."American Heart Association News covers heart and brain health. Not all views expressed in this story reflect the official position of the American Heart Association. Copyright is owned or held by the American Heart Association, Inc., and all rights are reserved.

SLIDESHOW Stroke Causes, Symptoms, and Recovery See Slideshow.

Latest Prevention cheap kamagra tablets & where to buy kamagra. Wellness News FRIDAY, where to buy kamagra Aug. 28, 2020 (HealthDay News) -- A warning about alcohol-based hand sanitizers in packaging that looks like food or drink has been issued by the U.S.

Food and where to buy kamagra Drug Administration."The agency has discovered that some hand sanitizers are being packaged in beer cans, children's food pouches, water bottles, juice bottles and vodka bottles," according to an FDA a news release. "Additionally, the FDA has found hand sanitizers that contain food flavors, such as chocolate or raspberry."Reports received by the FDA include a person who bought what they believed was drinking water but was actually hand sanitizer, and a hand sanitizer using children's cartoons in marketing and sold in a pouch that resembled a snack, CNN reported."I am increasingly concerned about hand sanitizer being packaged to appear to be consumable products, such as baby food or beverages. These products could confuse consumers into accidentally ingesting a where to buy kamagra potentially deadly product.

It's dangerous to add scents with food flavors to hand sanitizers which children could think smells like food, eat and get alcohol poisoning," FDA Commissioner Dr. Stephen Hahn said in the release.Copyright where to buy kamagra © 2019 HealthDay. All rights reserved where to buy kamagra.

QUESTION According to the USDA, there is no difference between a “portion” and a “serving.” See AnswerLatest Cancer News By Steven ReinbergHealthDay ReporterTHURSDAY, Aug. 27, 2020 (HealthDay News)Cancer patients who need radiation where to buy kamagra therapy shouldn't let fear of erectile dysfunction treatment delay their treatment, one hospital study suggests.Over six days in May, during the height of the kamagra in New Jersey, surfaces in the radiation oncology department at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital in New Brunswick, N.J., were tested for erectile dysfunction treatment before cleaning.Of 128 samples taken in patient and staff areas and from equipment, including objects used by a patient with erectile dysfunction treatment, not one was positive for erectile dysfunction, the kamagra that causes erectile dysfunction treatment, the study found.Patients can be reassured that surface contamination is minimal and necessary cancer treatment can go forward safely, said lead researcher Dr. Bruce Haffty, chairman of radiation oncology at Rutgers Cancer Institute in New Brunswick."Cancer care should and must continue in a erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra, and it can be delivered safely and effectively with minimal risk of acquiring a erectile dysfunction treatment from the radiation oncology environment, provided routine measures like mask-wearing, hand-washing, distancing and screening are in place and adhered to," Haffty said.The study does have some limitations.

Because of the nature where to buy kamagra of environmental sampling, 100% of a surface could not be swabbed for analysis. And no air samples were taken. But Haffty said that because no kamagra was found on surfaces, it's doubtful that any kamagra was present in the air."An important thing is that we did this testing before cleaning crews came in at the end of the day when there had been all kinds of traffic with patients and staff moving back and forth," he said.Patients and staff routinely wore masks, maintained social distance where to buy kamagra and washed their hands often, which is probably why no kamagra was found, Haffty said.Patients also were screened on arrival with temperature checks and questioned about kamagra symptoms, he added.Dr.

Anthony D'Amico is chief of radiation oncology at Brigham and Women's where to buy kamagra Hospital in Boston. He said, "This study corroborates what we have found."Overall, his hospital's rate is 2%, while that in the community next to the hospital is 9%, D'Amico said. But where there are people with lots of underlying conditions and less access to health care, the where to buy kamagra rate is 33%, he said."Hospitals seem to be safer right now than public settings -- protocols that people are using are working," D'Amico said.The takeaway.

Patients need not put off treatment out of concern that they could be infected in the hospital."We have told patients not to delay radiation because of erectile dysfunction treatment, because cancer can be more life-threatening than erectile dysfunction treatment," he said.D'Amico's hospital treats patients diagnosed with erectile dysfunction treatment who need radiation before other patients arrive in the morning. The department is cleaned after they leave and at the end of the day after all other patients have gone, he said.Patients with erectile dysfunction treatment symptoms must test negative before undergoing screening tests like mammography and where to buy kamagra colonoscopy, D'Amico added.In the waiting room, patients and staff wear masks and maintain distancing. Patients' temperatures are taken and they are asked about any symptoms, he said."Patients should feel safe that the person sitting next to them in a waiting room has been properly screened," D'Amico said.The findings were published online Aug.

27 in where to buy kamagra JAMA Oncology.Copyright © 2020 HealthDay. All rights where to buy kamagra reserved. SLIDESHOW Skin Cancer Symptoms, Types, Images See Slideshow References SOURCES.

Bruce Haffty, MD, associate vice chancellor, cancer programs, and chair, radiation oncology, where to buy kamagra Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J.. Anthony D'Amico, MD, PhD, professor, radiation oncology, Harvard Medical School, and chief, genitourinary radiation oncology, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Boston. JAMA Oncology, where to buy kamagra Aug.

27, 2020, onlineLatest Heart News THURSDAY, Aug. 27, 2020 (HealthDay News)Heart attack survivors are more likely to lose weight if their spouses join them in shedding excess pounds, new research shows."Lifestyle improvement after a heart attack is a crucial part of preventing repeat events," said study author Lotte Verweij, a registered nurse where to buy kamagra and Ph.D. Student at Amsterdam University of where to buy kamagra Applied Sciences, in the Netherlands.

"Our study shows that when spouses join the effort to change habits, patients have a better chance of becoming healthier -- particularly when it comes to losing weight."The study included 411 heart attack survivors who, along with receiving usual care, were referred to up to three lifestyle change programs for weight loss, increased physical activity and quitting smoking.The patients' partners could attend the programs for free and were encouraged by nurses to take part. Nearly half (48%) of the patients' partners participated, which was defined as attending at least where to buy kamagra once.Compared to those without a partner, patients with a participating partner were more than twice as likely to improve in at least one of the three areas (weight loss, exercise, smoking cessation) within a year, the findings showed.When the influence of partners was analyzed in the three areas separately, patients with a participating partner were more successful in shedding weight compared to patients without a partner, according to the study presented Thursday at a virtual meeting of the European Society of Cardiology. Such research is considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.But partner participation did not improve heart attack survivors' likelihood of quitting smoking or becoming more physically active, according to the report."Patients with partners who joined the weight-loss program lost more weight compared to patients with a partner who did not join the program," Verweij said in a society news release."Couples often have comparable lifestyles, and changing habits is difficult when only one person is making the effort.

Practical issues come into play, such as grocery shopping, but also psychological challenges, where a supportive partner may where to buy kamagra help maintain motivation," she explained.-- Robert PreidtCopyright © 2020 HealthDay. All rights reserved. QUESTION In the where to buy kamagra U.S., 1 in every 4 deaths is caused by heart disease.

See Answer where to buy kamagra References SOURCE. European Society of Cardiology, news release, Aug. 27, 2020Latest Healthy Kids News THURSDAY, Aug where to buy kamagra.

27, 2020 (HealthDay News)If your child will be doing online learning this school year, you need to take steps to protect them from eye strain, the American Academy of Ophthalmology says."I really have seen a marked increase in kids suffering from eye strain because of increased screen time. Good news is most symptoms can be avoided by taking a few simple steps," where to buy kamagra pediatric ophthalmologist Dr. Stephen Lipsky, a clinical spokesperson for the academy, said in an academy news release.Here he offers these remote-learning recommendations to protect your child's vision:Set a timer to remind your child to take a break every 20 minutes.

Alternate reading where to buy kamagra on an e-book with a real book. Encourage children to look up and out the window every two chapters or to shut their eyes for 20 seconds.Mark books with paperclips every few where to buy kamagra chapters. When they reach a paper clip, it will remind them look up.

On an e-book, use the bookmark function for the same effect.Make sure where to buy kamagra children use laptops at arm's length (about 18 to 24 inches) from where they're sitting. Ideally, they should have a monitor positioned at eye level, directly in front of the body. Tablets should where to buy kamagra also be held at arm's length.To reduce glare, position the light source behind the child's back, not behind the screen.

Adjust the brightness and contrast on the screen so that it feels comfortable for children. Don't use where to buy kamagra a device outside or in brightly lit areas. The glare on the screen can cause eye strain.Children shouldn't use a http://metallicwebsites.net/uncategorized/hello-world/ device where to buy kamagra in a dark room.

As the pupil expands to adjust to the darkness, the brightness of the screen can aggravate after-images and cause discomfort.Children should stop using devices 30 to 60 minutes before bedtime. Blue light may where to buy kamagra disrupt sleep. If teens don't want to do this, have them switch to night mode or a similar mode to reduce blue light exposure.When study time is over, make sure children spend time outdoors.

Several studies where to buy kamagra suggest that spending time outdoors, especially in early childhood, can slow the progression of nearsightedness.-- Robert PreidtCopyright © 2020 HealthDay. All rights reserved. QUESTION What causes dry where to buy kamagra eyes?.

See Answer References SOURCE where to buy kamagra. American Academy of Ophthalmology, news release, Aug. 13, 2020Latest where to buy kamagra Heart News THURSDAY, Aug.

27, 2020 (American Heart Association News)"Something's not right," Marranda Edwards told her aunt in San Antonio. "I'm coming there."Edwards, who lives outside of Atlanta, had been where to buy kamagra worried for several days. Her mother, Alvis Whitlow, hadn't been calling as often as usual, which could easily be five times a day.

And when where to buy kamagra they did speak, Whitlow sounded confused and weak.In late March, a call from Edwards' aunt added to her suspicions. The aunt reported that Whitlow had gastrointestinal problems and couldn't walk to the where to buy kamagra bathroom without assistance. That's when Edwards knew she needed to act.Edwards took the first flight she could find, with her husband staying home to take care of their three children and six foster children.On the way to Texas, Edwards thought about the last time she sensed something was seriously wrong with her mom.

It was in 2003, when she too lived in San where to buy kamagra Antonio.Someone from the beauty shop where Whitlow was getting her hair done called to say her mother had thrown up and felt weak. This stood out because for much of that week, her mom complained of having a headache, which was unusual."Something's not right," Edwards told the woman at the beauty shop. "I'm coming there."Edwards called an ambulance to check on where to buy kamagra her mom.

As paramedics examined Whitlow, her heart stopped.At the hospital, doctors determined that an aneurysm burst in her brain, leading to bleeding. They believed where to buy kamagra it was caused by undiagnosed hypertension. She needed to undergo where to buy kamagra a procedure to stop the bleeding.

The chance of survival was 20%, doctors told Edwards.The procedure worked. And the damage wasn't as severe as feared.After two months where to buy kamagra of rehabilitation, Whitlow returned to work. She retired four years later, in 2007, at age 53, after nearly three decades with the San Antonio school system.Since then, Whitlow remained active and healthy, spending time with friends, family and church activities.

She also visited Edwards and her family several times a year.Having arrived in San Antonio for the urgent visit, the where to buy kamagra first thing Edwards noticed was how weak her mother seemed.Whitlow also was coughing. By the next day, it sounded like wheezing."I thought it might be bronchitis, but it started sounding worse," Edwards said.When a trip from the living room to the bedroom left Whitlow out of breath, Edwards called 911.Paramedics measured her temperature at 102 and her blood oxygen level at 87% instead of in the usual high 90s."Then I just knew it," Edwards said. "She's got where to buy kamagra it.

She's got the erectile dysfunction."Edwards followed the ambulance to the where to buy kamagra hospital but wasn't allowed inside. The next day, the doctor called, confirming Whitlow had erectile dysfunction treatment and saying she was on a ventilator. He said she'd also need to be transferred to a hospital set up for erectile dysfunction treatment patients."I where to buy kamagra need you to prepare," the doctor told Edwards.

"The patients we've seen with her age and history and how she presented, she only has a 20% chance of living."Edwards thought. "Here it was where to buy kamagra again. A 20% chance."Whitlow spent more than two weeks on a ventilator.

Doctors tried to remove her from the ventilator twice, but each where to buy kamagra time she needed the mechanical help again within eight hours."You have to make a serious decision," doctors told Edwards.The options. Insert a breathing tube, perhaps permanently, and go to a long-term acute care facility, or stay in the hospital – but when the ventilator is removed, it won't be put back in place.Edwards drove to the hospital, sat on the curb to be as where to buy kamagra close to her mother as possible. Then she began praying."What do I do?.

" she thought where to buy kamagra. "What do I do?. "Edwards called the hospital with her decision.Put in the tube.Whitlow was transferred where to buy kamagra to a hospital that specializes in weaning patients off ventilators.

Although Edwards still couldn't be with her mom, they could smile, wave and blow kisses through a window. After her breathing tube was removed, they could again talk on the phone.On May 11, after 27 days of acute care and a total of 24 days on a ventilator, Whitlow went home. Leaving the hospital, she refused a wheelchair, allowing her to walk into Edwards' waiting arms for their first hug in six weeks.

Hospital staffers surrounded them, cheering their reunion."I didn't expect all that applause," Whitlow said. "It made me feel really good, just blessed."The next day, a parade of more than 100 family, sorority and church members drove by to celebrate her recovery.Edwards, who is an assistant principal at a middle school, brought Whitlow back with her to Georgia. She arrived to more fanfare – a huge yard sign and cheering family members."God blessed me to be alive and to have someone here like Marranda to take care of me," Whitlow said.

"Without her, I don't know what I would have done."American Heart Association News covers heart and brain health. Not all views expressed in this story reflect the official position of the American Heart Association. Copyright is owned or held by the American Heart Association, Inc., and all rights are reserved.

SLIDESHOW Stroke Causes, Symptoms, and Recovery See Slideshow.